Context And Principles For Early Year s Progression

Context and principles for early year’s progression 1.1 Explain the legal status and principles of the relevant early year’s framework/s, and how national and local guidance materials are used in settings The legal status of learning that we must follow is the EYFS (Early year’s foundation stage) and the ECM (every child matters). The local guidance is that we must do our own two year checks and also our own referrals where children may need extra support. To support the implementation of the national framework each country has also developed guidance, information about the statutory elements, and training materials. Common features of the early years framework depends on the nation as they may have a different approach to the care and education of young children but they do all have some common features. Such as †¢ Partnership and involvement with parents †¢ Learning through active play †¢ Need for children to have opportunities for child- initiated and adult- directed activities †¢ Education programme is to be delivered holistically although divided into areas of learning †¢ Importance of assessing children’s individual needs. There are also some differences particularly in the statutory nature of work with children 3 and under, as it is only England that brings work with children aged less than 3 years into a statutory education framework. 1.2 Explain how different approaches to work with children in the early years has influenced current provision in the UK There has beenShow MoreRelatedUnit Eymp 1 Context and Principles for Early Years Provision Essay1527 Words   |  7 PagesUnit EYMP 1 Context and principles for early years provision Unit EYMP 1 Context and principles for early years provision AC: 1. 2 M EYMP1 A2: Different approaches Indentify four different approaches to working with children and record these in the table below. Explain how each approach has influenced current early year’s provision in the UK Read MoreThe Theory Of Systems Engineering1585 Words   |  7 Pagescentury, with the average penetration time over the last 140 years dropping from 44 years to 17 years. Poorly-designed systems rushing to market with that speed will easily sink not only entire products, but also the organizations that own them. To help the engineering industry at large avoid such catastrophes, the International Council on Systems Engineering codified a generic but comprehensive collection of best practices and guiding principles for systems engineering in the Systems Engineering HandbookRead MoreCloud Ides ( Integrated Development Environments1040 Words   |  5 Pages1 Introduction ============== 1.1 Overview ------------ With the enrollment of the new Computing curriculum to all schools in the UK, teachers have less time - they also have to learn about programming and its principles. Although many resources are available for learning programming [@berry_computing_2013], there have been a lack of resources; knowledge and tools to modify the complex network environment, to set-up a working compilation environment for embedded systems[@harbird_problem_2015].Read MoreConstructivist Theory Of Constructivist Learning Theory969 Words   |  4 Pagestheir current knowledge is as well as their past knowledge. The four major principles of Bruner’s theory on constructivism encompass, initially, a predilection toward learning. The second is how a grouping of knowledge is able to be constructed to best be understood by the learner. The third is effective manners for the teacher to present said material to the learner, with the fourth and final aspect being the progression of rewards as well as punishments . Another theorist that can be encompassedRead MoreCritical Evaluation of Whether Certain Assumptions are Present in Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory1200 Words   |  5 Pagesthe theoretical concepts of Erikson’s theory will be discussed in terms of their importance in a South African context. Interwoven with this, is the argument that although Erikson’s theory has validity in certain instances, it relies on specific assumptions to hold true, and is ultimately convincing and applicable only within a definite societal context. Duncan et al (2003) mention the assumption ‘human development follows a predictable pattern’. What they meanRead MoreProgram Planning in Early Childhood Education Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesProgramme planning is a vital sector in diverse early childhood education (ECE) service to provide quality education and care for young children. There are many ways we could plan things. The planning will link to the document of desirable of objectives (DOPs), Te Whariki and the licensing criteria which provide by the government. Planning in ECE cycle has no beginning and no end; it is a continued cycle day after day, week after week and year after year. Play is basic element to learn and develop inRead MoreLgbt Views On Lgbt Rights Movement Essay1598 Words   |  7 Pagesagainst across the globe. While the overt and systemic discrimination against those who identify as LGBT has subsided significantly over the years in a few regions such as the United States, the entire continent of Africa continues to struggle. The systemic complexities of African countries (i.e. religion, culture, social climate) have greatly hindered the progression of the LGBT Rights Movement in Africa; the Motherland of Humanity. Throughout African history, many have attempted to justify the discriminationRead MoreThe Eight Stages Of Personality Growth1327 Words   |  6 Pagespersonality growth. Erik Erikson an ego psychologist created a theory on personality development evolution that states it is a continuous process through the lifetime of an individual. Erikson suggested culture also plays an essential role in a society s perception and consideration of normal and considered abnormal. Erikson (1950, 1963), does not speak about psychosexual Stages as Freud, though influenced Freudian ideas. Erikson broadens on Freudian thoughts by focusing on acclimatize and creativeRead MoreLeadership : A Unique Concept Essay1777 Words   |  8 PagesLeadership is a unique concept in the context of its impact or influence of one person on another person or a group of people. The inception of this complex notion has been in existence since the earliest time in human development cycle if one based his or her assumption of the role of power or authority leverage (Eerkens, Vaughn Kanter, 2010). It is an abstract and intricate proposition that has many people, academicians or practitioners, to ponder in defining the true meaning of leadership, whichRead MoreThe Progression Of Social Development1628 Words   |  7 PagesThe progression of social development is the culture of an organization; and as the culture changes, the people within the organization also change. Leaders can ope rate as change agents to bring about transformation and success in an organization by creating and implementing a vision for the future. This paper will endeavor to discuss the following: the challenges of transformation of complex systems; the writer’s chosen organization’s mission, values, and overall goals; how the organization is

The Aztecs And The Aztec Mythology Essay - 1620 Words

â€Å"Proud of itself / is the city of Mexico-Tenochtitlan. / Here no one fears to die in war. This is our glory†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Joseph and Henderson, 61). The Aztec mythology claims their god Huitzilopochtli ordered them to leave the seven caves to find new land they would call home. They traveled many years until they found the eagle with a serpent on his mouth standing on top of a cactus. There the Aztecs were to build a temple for the god of war and of the sun, Huitzilopochtli. The Aztecs were tried by many but they learned to become skillful warriors, which allowed them to survive for many years. They were not afraid to die and their warriors were skillful, tactical, and one of the best in its time. They were landscapers, amazing architects, mathematicians, poets, but most importantly skillful warriors. The Aztecs were religious people, which also made them very superstitious. They believed they lived in a cyclical world and the world would come to end if their sun god was not s atisfied, which meant performing many human sacrifices. They believed their god Quetzalcoatl would return one day to take back what belonged to him. The Aztecs were rich in culture, they had a great civilization, and were survivors. They built an empire in a swampy island others refused to claim. The Aztecs are viewed by many people as violent and to sometimes an inhumane culture; however, they were simply trying to survive. Amongst many other aspects of their culture the battlefield was very important and a greatShow MoreRelatedThe Aztec And Greek Mythology Essay2381 Words   |  10 PagesWhen people first hear of the term mythology, he or she normally will associate the word with the Greeks or the Romans because of the well-known myth and specifically the gods and goddesses. For instance, movies like Hercules, Clash of the Titans , 300, and the Percy Jackson and the Olympian are renowned films that people love and since people know these films, they tend to know general informati on about the background of the Romans and Greek mythology. Furthermore, the planets and days of the weekRead MoreThe Ancient Aztecs Complex And Advanced Civilization966 Words   |  4 PagesJeffrey Hirneisen Period 5 World History A Honors Hilp March 3, 2015 The Ancient Aztecs Complex and Advanced Civilization. The Aztecs were a civilization that emerged in Mesoamerica around the start of the thirteenth century and existed until 1521 CE. The Aztecs had their own system of government, a very complex religion, and sports and games were very important to the civilization. The Aztecs were a civilization that was complex as well as very advanced in many different areas of their civilizationRead MoreThe Aztecs And The Aztec Tribes1026 Words   |  5 Pages The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican people that lived within the regions of central Mexico during the mid-13th century through the 16th century. The Aztecs history is one of most famous, rich, and tragic histories in the world. The Aztecs began as nomadic-hunter gatherer tribes mixed with separate cultures. This mix was what founded the Aztec culture we all know of today. It was believed the Aztecs originated from a mythical place known as Aztlan which can be translated to â€Å"the place of origin,† andRead MoreAztecs Cosmology916 Words   |  4 PagesThe Aztecs cosmology was a unique combination of mythology. Their beliefs about themselves and their purpose were not something they took lightly. â€Å"The mystic-militaristic approach characteristic of Aztec religion†¦felt that the purpose of man’s creation was to provide blood for the maintenance of the Sun’s life† (Leon-Portilla, Aztec Thought Culture, 122). With this perspective of themselves, the Aztecs believed that human sacrifice was not only justified but necessary for the lives of civilizationRead MoreThe Ideas Of Regeneration Of Time And Calendrical Rites1548 Words   |  7 PagesThe ideas of Regeneration of Time and calendrical rites are very predominately connected when looking at the Aztec. These two ideass are connected with the Five Suns creation myth and the Aztec Calendar which in themselves are connected. The idea of Regeneration of Time comes in with the creation of the 5th Sun by the Aztec gods, which later connects to the Calendric Rites. As said by Karl Taube â€Å"From the slaying of the gods at Teotihaucan, the Sun of Motion, Nahui Ollin, is created. Just as theRead MoreInevitably, Death is Only the Beginning in Egyptian and Aztec Culture687 Words   |  3 Pagesdestination every living thing will one day reach. The finish line of rot, ruin and decay. There are many dark deities in mythology. Male and Female deities in every different culture in the world. Two of the most interesting deities of death and darkness are Micteacaihatl the lady of death in Aztec culture, and the famous Anubis, guardian of the dead, and afterlife in Egyptian mythology. In Egyptian culture they believe that death is only the beginning, much like Christian cultures today. If you wereRead MoreThe Transformation Of A Golden Age1084 Words   |  5 Pagesthere were many civilizations that preceded the Aztecs. The Teotihuacans, Toltecs, Incas, Olmecs, and Mayans were various civilizations that occupied the region of Mexico prior to the Aztecs. Referring to the Teotihuacans, fertile land was most profitable for agricultural purposes. Thus, a period of economic prosperity resulted. Moreover, the Toltecs harvested obsidian as an export of trade which benefited the Toltec financial system. Henceforth, pre-Aztec civilizations exhibited qualities of a goldenRead MoreComparing Meso And South American Mythology889 Words   |  4 PagesIn Meso and South American mythology, Jaguars were both admired and feared and often extensively integrated into stories and religious traditions and rituals. Shamans of this area that were believed to be able to take the form of these large predators, known as â€Å"were-jaguars,† were feared due to their ability to make contact with dangerous spirits and other harmful forces, which had a profound impact on Mesoamerican beliefs. Due to Jaguars being the most powerful and aggressive predator to inhabitRead MoreThe Aztecs And The Aztec Religion1547 Words   |  7 Pagesof the last societies to arise were the Aztecs. The Aztecs originated from groups of people that were migrating from a lake named, Aztlan, towards the valley of Mexico. They transformed from just a small group of explores into a successful empire during this time. Aztecs had a very unique culture, their religion influenced most of their life. Their religion was expressed through their rituals, everyday life, and art. Even before they settled down, the Aztecs depended on their Gods to guide them toRead MoreThe Culture Of The Mayas, And The Aztecs1693 Words   |  7 Pagesamount of information on different cultures. However, there was a particular section that truly caught my attention, and has piqued an interest in me that has caused me to do my own research aside from this paper. The culture of the Mayas, and the Aztecs has been extremely fundamental in understanding my ancestry, being that I am Mexican American. I took an interest in their beautiful architecture, their ritualistic and sacrificial religious practices, as well as their history and how they began.

Business Process Outsourcing Supply Chain -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: Does BPO Enhance The Financial Performance Of The Organization? Can BPO Help To Increase Efficiency And Total Productivity Of The Company? Can The Organizations Create New Product By Adopting BPO Activities? Will The Implementation Of BPO Aid The Companies To Gain Competitive Advantage Against Their Rivals? Answers: Introduction The research study provides an analysis on the business process outsourcing and its positive and negative aspects. Business process outsourcing refers to the process of subcontracting different operation relating to business to the third party (Bentounsi, Benbernou Atallah, 2012). Most of the multinational companies (MNCs) adopts this business process outsourcing policy for reducing their overall business expenditure in the operational activities. It also facilitates them to enhance the production rate within the business. In the present era, the MNCs are hiring laborers as the form of outsourcing component. Through outsourcing as well as administrative functions, the organization allocates the resources in better way and also focuses on their core competencies that include- goods leadership, relationship with customer and excellence in operation. Purchasing raw material as well as components from third party is said to be one of the main part of the business process outsourcing. Project Objectives The basic objective of this research study is to analyze the process of business outsourcing and also highlights on its positive as well as negative aspect. This study also aims in evaluating several relevant articles for reviewing the literature that is related to this business process outsourcing. This project also focuses on the research methodology that focuses on the different methods used for conducting this research. Furthermore, the objective of this study is also to provide recommendations for certain ways that should be adopted by the business for improving the application of the business process outsourcing. Project Scope The present research study will assess as well as analyze all kinds of business outsourcing procedure and will also reflect on its advantages and disadvantages. This scope of this project is to have an idea about whether the organization taking into account this business outsourcing procedure require assessment of the right partner and their internal operations (Chou, Techatassanasoontorn Hung, 2015). This study will also highlight on the practical example of the process of business outsourcing for gaining knowledge about its positive and negative effect. In addition, this aspect will be estimated in order to provide recommendations on the improvement of existing plan regarding business outsourcing procedure. Literature Review In the present era, outsourcing has become one of the strategies that the business organization implements in order to reduce their operation cost. The visibility of business outsourcing increased vividly over the last few decades, especially in IT (Information Technology) field. Han Mithas (2013) opines that business process outsourcing (BPO) has become the biggest means of gaining competitive advantage for the entities of varied sizes. It exceptional growth has been attributed to advancement in IT as well as communications. Lacity Willcocks, (2014) stated that the BPO sector is very heterogeneous by nature and differentiated in terms of horizontal process areas such as., operations, human resource and vertical specialization namely imaging in the banking industry. It is directly related to the quest for efficient companys designs that includes- reduction of cost, growth in productivity and creative capabilities. Thus, it is an important source for the strategic advantage. However , this section of the project highlights on both the advantages and disadvantages of the BPO. Advantages of BPO One of the basic advantages of adopting BPO is to improve the level of cost efficiency in the production process. Liu, Wang Huang (2017) stated that the same function in the business can be done with good quality and at lesser price as it is handled by the experts. The huge scale MNCs generally gets raw materials from this third party agent at lower cost. This is mainly possible as several business vendors have the ability to prove upon product line quality. In addition, these organizations also get varied range of commodity quality. It has been mentioned by Sople (2016) that most of the MNCs save near about 50% of their total production cost through BPO. Furthermore, owing to the difference in work payment between Eastern and Western Europe, similar type of work is mainly done in two different nations. According to Lacity Willcocks (2014), large MNCs reduces the cost of new technology implementation and their infrastructure maintenance with the help of BPO. Few evidences reflect that some of the organization faces huge difficulty in hiring skilled workers owing to limited search options. However, allocating this task of workers recruitment to third party agents helps these MNCs in reducing recruitment cost. Additionally, it also aid them to attain wider range of the workers. Enhancement of productivity The organizations that adopt the BPO have the ability to attain new efficiencies and hence this improves the total productivity. Even they get the chance to reallocate their resources in different projects. This in turn aids the employees to increase their efficiency and productivity. It has been mentioned by Mani, Barua Whinston (2012) that, highly skilled employees improve the business processes and hence this leads to improvement in total productivity. Focusing on core competencies BPO provides incredible help to the MNCs to focus mainly on their core business operations. According to the approach of competence, every organization can outsource many activities but not their core competencies. The vital factor behind the BPO market growth is that most of the entities focus on their internal operations for understanding their core competencies. Sople (2016) founds out that the organization with the help of BPO assigns the promotion task through digital technology as well as social media to the agents. However, this provides the managers of the company to concentrate on core activities that is required to maintain sustainability in business. For example, in case of Sony mobile company, the services after sale are manly provided by their agents for dealing with excessive sale pressure (Rai et al., 2012). Therefore, the company can provide better after sale service if they focus on their core business areas including research and development (RD) activities required for upgrading their technology. Saving Time When the companies allocate the task to the third parties, it saves lot of time to focus on varied profit making procedure. Additionally, the outsourcing entities charge fewer amounts as compared to maintenance cost of full time team. This BPO also helps them to deal with some other research activities through recruiting laborers from different countries. Thus, it helps them to work on time related operation activities in business. Disadvantages of BPO When the company outsources recruitment services, HR and payroll, it generally involves risk of exposure of confidential data and technology to the third party. This means that outsourcing leads to imitation of commodities. It has been stated by Nassimbeni, Sartor Dus, (2012) that, the agents of third party misusing the entitys information leads to bad reputation as well as brand value. Several hidden cost Outsourcing is generally cost-effective but in some circumstances it might involve hidden cost while signing the contract across the boundaries, which in turn might pose threat. It has been mentioned by Weigelt Sarkar (2012) that, the parent organization requires to form legal contract for making illegal contract between the business outsourcing agents. Therefore, it is necessary that the individuals should look over the detailed contract paperwork for avoiding this risk. Risk of compromising product quality Another disadvantage relative to that of BPO is probable risk of compromising product quality as well as safety. When the organization hires raw material from third party agents, they might face difficulty in managing product quality. There are some cases in which the organization cannot provide best service quality to their client. The main reason behind this is that inexperienced individuals provide BPO service activities. However, it becomes impossible for the firm to monitor the reasons of poor product quality. Research Design and Methodology Research design refers to the conceived plan and investigation structure for attaining accurate results to these research questions. This section reflects the method to be used by the researcher to conduct the research aligning with the pros and cons of the business outsourcing process. Research Design Research design is the procedure which the researcher implements for integrating various components of this research study. It is categorized into three kinds namely- explanatory, exploratory and descriptive. Explanatory design attempts to unite the ideas for comprehending the cause and impact of relationship (Lewis, 2015). It also helps the researcher to illustrate the things coming in collective way. Exploratory design aids the researcher to discover and investigate data for giving insight about the study. It also helps to devise the problem and clarify concepts in much precise way. This design includes several procedure such as- trail studies, interviews etc for gathering accurate information about the project. Descriptive design signifies the attempt done by the researcher for investigating the theories of the study. This design helps to describe the participants with higher accuracy and circumstances in suitable manner. For this project, the researcher will use exploratory research design as it helps the researcher to save time as well as resources of this research study. Moreover, it will also aid in laying groundwork, which will further lead to future studies. Research Approach The researcher utilizes this approach for devising the plan while doing this research study. There are two kinds of research approach- deductive and inductive. Deductive approach is apprehensive with developing hypothesis based on present theories. The hypothesis is then tested for planning the strategy while doing the research. After attaining the result from hypothesis, the researcher makes inspection for either accepting or rejecting this. If this hypothesis is rejected, the researcher amends the study accordingly. In case of inductive approach, the researcher gathers data and evaluates the pattern for creating new theories. The observations used in this approach helps the researcher to develop universal principle about the research topic. For this project, the researcher will use deductive approach for concentrating on the positive and negative aspect of BPO based on present concepts. The researcher will use this approach for investigating the theory and testing the validity in certain situation. Adoption of this approach aids the researcher to gain accurate outcome from hypothesis. Research philosophy This researcher classifies the principle using the research philosophy. It is categorized into four types namely- positivism, pragmatism, realism and interpretivism. Positivism philosophy illustrates about positive facts and scientific data collection procedure that has been received from empirical evidence. The data obtained is then interpreted by applying logic that forms knowledge source. Pragmatism philosophy is used to assess the concepts used in the project in account of practical application. Realism philosophy is based on reality facet independent of beliefs. Interpretivism philosophy is used by the researcher for interpreting elements and integrates individuals interest into the study. For this project, the researcher will use interpretivism philosophy in order to understand both positive and negative aspect of the BPO. Research Method This indicates the methods adopted by the researcher while conducting this study. Research method is usually classified into two kinds- qualitative and quantitative method. Qualitative method refers to the procedure in which the researcher gathers information or data from secondary sources namely- websites, journals, newspapers, archival materials etc (Taylor, Bogdan DeVault, 2015). On the other hand, quantitative method uses the give emphasis on the statistical analysis of gathered information by using survey questionnaire. This method is also used for collecting accurate information from different individuals. For this project, the researcher will use qualitative approach and hence gathered data from secondary sources (Eriksson Kovalainen, 2015). This method will be applied as it will help the researcher to complete the research in less time owing to accessibility of instant data from these sources. The gathered data that is used for conducting this research must be scrutinized for reliability. The authenticity of information will be ensured from the sources that are either approve by scholars or reviewed by peers (Lewis, 2015). Furthermore, the information will be collected from reliable websites and journals. Validity of data should not surpass the limitation. The information provided in the website is valid until release of new information. As the researcher will collect data from secondary sources, assurance of its validity cannot be given. Research Limitations Certain limitation can arise while conducting the research from secondary sources. If websites of the organization are not available, then the researcher can face difficulty in collecting data. In fact, some of the journals or books might be expensive and old and this in turn might increase the cost of doing research. Moreover, data given in the website might not be appropriate and hence this can result in inaccurate results. Despite all limitations, it is predicted that the researcher will make effort to make this project valid and reliable. Time schedule Sequential Activities/ Period Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 4 Week 5 6 Idea about the project Designing the present research Gathering of information from secondary sources Interpretation of this gathered information Procedure of publi Conclusion The conclusion that can be drawn from the above study is that the biggest advantage of implementing BPO is to enhance upon effectiveness of cost and incorporate skilled laborers. In fact, it also helps the organization to operate 24 hours a day and improve their operation. It also enhances their overall productivity and improve their financial performance. On the contrary, BPO includes some risk that includes exposure of companys data, compromising product quality etc. However, this in turn leads to financial loss and bad reputation in the marketplace. Therefore, it is recommended that the organizations who have involved BPO must have better level of the monitoring system and this can aid to assure better product quality. References Bentounsi, M., Benbernou, S., Atallah, M. J. (2012, June). Privacy-preserving business process outsourcing. InWeb Services (ICWS), 2012 IEEE 19th International Conference on(pp. 662-663). IEEE. Chou, S. W., Techatassanasoontorn, A. A., Hung, I. H. (2015). Understanding commitment in business process outsourcing relationships.Information Management,52(1), 30-43. Eriksson, P., Kovalainen, A. (2015).Qualitative methods in business research: A practical guide to social research. Sage. Gerbl, M., McIvor, R., Loane, S., Humphreys, P. (2015). A multi-theory approach to understanding the business process outsourcing decision.Journal of World Business,50(3), 505-518. Han, K., Mithas, S. (2013). Information technology outsourcing and non-IT operating costs: An empirical investigation.Mis Quarterly,37(1). Handley, S. M., Benton Jr, W. C. (2012). The influence of exchange hazards and power on opportunism in outsourcing relationships.Journal of Operations Management,30(1-2), 55-68. Lacity, M., Willcocks, L. (2014). Business process outsourcing and dynamic innovation.Strategic Outsourcing: An International Journal,7(1), 66-92. Lewis, S. (2015). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches.Health promotion practice,16(4), 473-475. Liu, S., Wang, L., Huang, W. W. (2017). Effects of process and outcome controls on business process outsourcing performance: Moderating roles of vendor and client capability risks.European Journal of Operational Research,260(3), 1115-1128. Mani, D., Barua, A., Whinston, A. B. (2012). An empirical analysis of the contractual and information structures of business process outsourcing relationships.Information Systems Research,23(3-part-1), 618-634. Nassimbeni, G., Sartor, M., Dus, D. (2012). Security risks in service offshoring and outsourcing.Industrial Management Data Systems,112(3), 405-440. Rai, A., Keil, M., Hornyak, R., WLlenweber, K. (2012). Hybrid relational-contractual governance for business process outsourcing.Journal of Management Information Systems,29(2), 213-256. Schniederjans, M. J., Schniederjans, A. M., Schniederjans, D. G. (2015).Outsourcing and insourcing in an international context. Routledge. Sople, V. V. (2016).Business process outsourcing a supply chain of expertises. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., DeVault, M. (2015).Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Vaidhyanathan, S., Dev, L., Shattacharyya, D. (2013).U.S. Patent No. 8,392,240. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Weigelt, C., Sarkar, M. B. (2012). Performance implications of outsourcing for technological innovations: managing the efficiency and adaptability trade?off.Strategic Management Journal,33(2), 189-216.

The Processes of Erosion and Deposition Help to Reshape the Landscapes Produced By Uplift and Other Tectonic Processes

Erosion occurs when water runs through the rock. The ice and strong wind blow away soil, transferring it from one place to another, leading to transformation of landscapes. The water runs carrying away particles of soil changing the shape of existing rocks.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Processes of Erosion and Deposition Help to Reshape the Landscapes Produced By Uplift and Other Tectonic Processes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fragments of rock with ice pass through the surface of the earth causing change of the landscape. The changes on the earth surface because of erosion, creating glaciers. The accumulations of ice in the rivers produce mountains that have existed for a long period of time (Summerfield 57). The landscapes change in areas with moving water, leading to formation of deep valleys as well as gorges. The common example of water erosion is Grand Carvon, which is 6,000 feet deep, causin g scars on the land. Erosion by means of wind affects dry areas, where loose materials are removed resulting to the formation of large depressions, known as the Qattara. The weathering processes make rocks break into small pieces with different colors after the chemical reactions. This leads to weakening of materials that form soil and later are eroded to be deposited in another place (Dunai 19). The processes of sedimentation lead to formation of different kinds of rocks after the eroded materials dissolve in water. This occurs when small particles of soil compact as they build and later crystallize. The example of sedimentary rocks formed through this process is sandstone with several layers. The marine organisms that are fossilized and formed far away indicate the way rocks move to different directions in large scale. Scientists as well as geologists understand the history of planets through locating the available resources and predicting events that cause disaster such as erupti on of volcanos and earthquakes (Leeder 15). The earth appears as serenity that cannot be moved, while the solar system resulted from splitting of the land. Plate tectonics affect geological processes at different times, which people cannot detect immediately they occur. The solid rocks float on the liquid material below the surface of the earth, where the mantle makes plates move forming the continents.Advertising Looking for essay on geology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The splitting apart of the plate that formed Rift Valley made the world look different from the way it used to be in the past. The tectonic processes made all continents joined to form supercontinent, while fragmentation led to the formation of different continents that exist today (Allen 20). According to geologists, the earth went through several changes that made it split; they later joined together to make several small continents. The earthquakes are caused by huge geological activities, while violent events are a result of a continental move of the plates (Bennett and Glasser 34). People are provided with information on disaster preparedness so that they detect earthquakes and organize some preventive measures. The natural disasters are dangerous, causing numerous losses of human beings as well as property in the nearby areas. The movement of rocks should be a warning to people that there is a high possibility of an eruption, so that they could ensure the area is out of reach until the problem is solved. When the geological processes are fully understood one is able to know the available areas with mineral resources. The boundaries are made in areas with mantle rock, copper deposits, as well as magma by means of the scientists’ discoveries (Bennett and Glasser 37). Works Cited Allen, Philip. Time Scales of Tectonic Landscapes and Their Sediment Routing Systems, London: Geological Society, 2008. Print. Bennett, Matthew an d Glasser, Neil. Glacial Geology: Ice Sheets and Landforms, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons Ltd, 1996. Print Dunai, Tibor. Cosmogenic Nucleides, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Processes of Erosion and Deposition Help to Reshape the Landscapes Produced By Uplift and Other Tectonic Processes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Leeder, Mike. Sedimentology and Sedimentary Basins: From Turbulence to Tectonics, Blackwell Science, 1999. Print. Summerfield, Michael. Global Geomorphology, New Jersey: Pearson Education Ltd, 1991. Print. This essay on The Processes of Erosion and Deposition Help to Reshape the Landscapes Produced By Uplift and Other Tectonic Processes was written and submitted by user Kallie Riggs to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

USING GRANTS FOR OTHERS AS WELL AS SELF

USING GRANTS FOR OTHERS AS WELL AS SELF A significant part of my income over the years came from grants, either ones I’ve written or projects I’ve been a part of. I’ve learned a few things about writing them, what grant committees look for and how to search out appropriate grants. I’ve also had proposals rejected. The competition, especially for grants in the creative arts, can be stiff, and sometimes there isn’t enough money to fund every project. The first major grant I won was a California artist-in-residency grant. For three years, it provided enough income for me to teach creative writing in a continuation school while allowing time for my own writing. I also wrote a Healthy Start grant for the school. It was accepted and they received $100,000 to set up an onsite nursery and offer healthy living classes for teen parents, a gratifying experience to see under-privileged students receive help to finish high school. I also spent seven years going into California state prisons teaching poetry and creative writing to inmates as part of the William James arts-in-corrections project. They were some of the best students I’ve ever worked with. I’ve written grants for organizations and arts groups, which have supported workshops and readings. A number of smaller grants allowed me time for writing that I might not have otherwise been able to. This past year, I received what, for me, was the creme de la creme. In March, 2011, I was awarded a Fulbright for a writing project, â€Å"The Language of Place† and spent six months in northeastern India on a creative writing project about environment. As part of it, I began a blog, Cloud and Mountain, which I have continued to maintain since returning to the U.S. The most important step of preparing a proposal is to study the organization and successful grants. Ask a granting agency to send you copies of grant proposals they’ve funded. Some make samples available online. This gives you a chance to see what types of projects have succeeded, but more importantly, you get an idea of the tone and language preferred. Some other tips: Keep your proposal within the stated limits. If it says proposals should be three to five pages, don’t send in two pages, don’t send in six. Keep your objective narrow and realistic. People who read proposals have a keen eye for projects that promise too much. Make your language positive. Focus on what you can do and show how your past experience will help you achieve your objectives with this grant. Do a very careful proofreading! Spelling or grammatical errors are a sure way to get your grant rejected. Even if you have a dynamite proposal, if the writing is sloppy it suggests you don’t care enough about it to bother with basic mechanics. An equally important step is to state how your project can benefit others. The Fulbright is a diplomacy program, so they seek projects that will contribute to a cross-cultural exchange with a host country. However, all grants will likely have a service component. Don’t just think about what you want to get out of your project, but what is its place in the bigger world? Will you be offering something that goes beyond yourself? In fact, this is not a bad philosophy for life! Here are few links that might be helpful: Getting a Fulbright Scholarship in Creative Writing Funds for Writers National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) Arts Writers:The Warhol Foundation Arts Writers Grant Foundation Fulbright International Exchange of Scholars Grant Seekers Cafe:a blog with a lot of good information on applying for grants Grant Seekers Guide: This site from Penn State Extension has some good articles on applying for grants and information for both Pennsylvania and nation-wide funding sources

Know More About Consonant Sounds and Letters in English

Know More About Consonant Sounds and Letters in English A consonant is a  speech sound thats not a vowel. The  sound of a consonant is produced by a partial or complete obstruction of the airstream by a constriction of the speech  organs. In writing, a consonant is any  letter of the alphabet except  A, E, I, O, U, and sometimes  Y. There are 24 consonant sounds in English, some voiced (made by a vibration of the vocal cords) and some voiceless (no vibration). Consonants Versus Vowels   When spoken vowels have no obstruction in the mouth, as opposed to consonants, which do. In his book Letter Perfect, the author David Sacks described the difference between speaking consonants and vowels this way: Whereas vowels are pronounced from the vocal cords with  minimal  shaping of expelled breath, consonant sounds are created through obstruction or  channeling  of the breath by the lips, teeth, tongue, throat, or nasal passage.... Some consonants, like B, involve the vocal cords; others dont. Some, like R or W, flow the breath in a way that steers them relatively close to being vowels. When consonants and vowels are put together, they form syllables, which are the basic units of pronunciation. Syllables, in turn, are the foundation of words in English grammar. Phonetically, however, consonants are much more variable. Consonant Blends and Digraphs When two or more consonant sounds are pronounced in succession without an intervening vowel (as in the words dream and bursts), the group is called a consonant blend or consonant cluster. In a consonant blend, the sound of each individual letter can be heard. By contrast, in a consonant digraph,  two successive letters represent a single sound. Common digraphs include G and H, which together mimic the sound of F (as in the word enough), and the letters P and H, which also sound like an F (as in phone). Silent Consonants In a number of cases in English, consonant letters can be silent, such as the letter B  following M (as in the word dumb), the letter  K  before  N  (know), and  the letters B and P before T (debt and receipt).  When a double consonant appears in a word,  usually only one of the two consonants is sounded (as in ball or summer). Stop Consonants Consonants can also serve as a means of bracketing a vowel, stopping their sound.  These are called  stop consonants  because the air in the vocal tract is completely stopped at some point, usually by the tongue, lips, or teeth.  Then to make the consonant sound, the air is suddenly released. The letters B, D, and G are the most frequently used stops, though P, T, and K also can serve the same function. Words that contain stop consonants include bib and kit. Stop consonants are also called plosives, as their sounds are small explosions of air in the mouth. Consonance Broadly,  consonance  is the repetition of consonant  sounds; more specifically,  consonance  is the repetition of the consonant sounds of accented syllables  or important words.  Consonance is frequently used in poetry, song lyrics, and prose when the writer wants to create a sense of rhythm. One well-known example of this literary device is the tongue twister, She sells seashells by the seashore. Using A and An   In general, words that begin with vowels should be introduced by the indefinite article an, while words that start with consonants are set off with an a instead. However, when the consonants at the beginning of the word produce a vowel sound, you would use the article an instead (an honor, a house).

Paraphrasing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Paraphrasing - Essay Example They include satellites, televisions, and phones. On the other hand, the ionizing radiations are rays that cannot be smelled, viewed, heard, and even felt. According to a view shared by Liou (2002), the major source of ionizing radiation is radioactive materials that emit beta, alpha, and gamma radiation. Therefore, the commonly known ionizing radiation consists of: beta particles, alpha particles, x-rays, and gamma rays. Up until the late 18th century, the ionizing radiation remained unexplored due to their invisibility, tastelessness, or odourlessness among others. However, there were numerous ordinary materials that emitted small quantities of the radiation. Studies have demonstrated that radiation has various affects on the living organisms by impacting on the cells that build up a living thing. Radiation randomly affects the cell. This implies that a similar amount as well as type of radiation can hit the same cell numerous times, but resulting in dissimilar effects, for instance, every time it strikes there is no effect. On the contrary, it is generally presumed that the more the radiation hits a cell, the higher the odds of an impact from happening. The resulting effect is that the organism may die if most cells are affected. Contrarily, Haffty and Wilson (2012) note that the exposure to penetrating radiation is known as irradiation and it usually occurs when the body is rendered available in part or whole from an unshielding source. An individual is not made radioactive from external radiation. In summary, exposure to the natural radiation by the people occurs daily. The natural radiation originates from various sources, such as over 60 radioactive materials that occur in nature including air, soil, and water. As an example, Radon is a naturally-existing gas that comes from soil and rock. It is the major source of natural radiation. On a daily basis, humans take in

Performance management and strategic human resource management Essay

Performance management and strategic human resource management - Essay Example Performance management and strategic human resource management The paper identifies that total performance management is a means of linking up a firm's strategic goals and strategic human resource goals with the actual performance of members of the organisation. This is done through the creation of metrics that reflect the realities of the firm's strategic plans and its implications in reality. Performance management is different from performance appraisal because the latter is an isolated process that does not integrate elements of the firm's strategy. The research studies the linkage between strategic human resource management and corporate strategy. It establishes that performance indicators set in the strategic plan forms the impetus for performance management. And this includes the direct targets and expectations of the human resource management unit and component. The study also concludes that workers are essential in all performance management processes and drives. Workers need to be given important information and sensitization before pe rformance management processes commence. Once it is done, workers must be made to give their feedback on how to improve the system and enhance the processes. This enables a firm to attain optimal and improved results from their performance management processes and systems. Performance management is a critical aspect of strategic human resource management. Its predecessor, performance appraisal was somewhat isolated. However, performance management is born out of strategic human resource management. Strategic human resource management is defined as an approach to human resource management that has the goal of using people most wisely with respect to the strategic needs of the organisation.

Extended Trial Balance Essay Example for Free

Extended Trial Balance Essay The extended trial balance works in very much the same way as the trial balance except that there are a few adjustments to make after which you can then separate out the entries that belong to the balance sheet and which belong to the income statement. The extended trial balance is used for making adjustments to the accounts at the end of an accounting period. The reason for this is because of the matching principle of accounting, where revenues are matched with expenses in the accounting period in which they were incurred; adjusting entries need to be made. These adjusting entries account for such things as expenses that have been incurred but not yet paid, revenues that have been earned but not yet recorded, and depreciation on equipment. Using the extended trial balance also ensures that the full double entry method is used correctly to each adjustment without having the wait for the adjustments to be written into the ledger Example of extended The picture shows that company have made a profit of $3,500 and also the document is ready for the end of the accounting period. However, if the columns above did not equal, the company would have to look to see what error has been made. In the picture you can see extended trial balance with the adjustments and extended figures made and the totals of the columns show to agree. If you are an accountant and you will be using this extended trial balance, you will be able to calculate whether the company has made profit or a loss. From this picture, you can also see that the accountant set up extended trial balance and added the adjustments which included salaries expenses, accounts receivable and revenue. When the adjustments were made the total for each pair of columns (debit and credit) should equal each other which have shown to be true in the table.

Essay --

Humans have known how to use the color from plant, animal and mineral around them and utilized in everyday since antiquity. We can see image on the walls caves, they known how to use to decorate container or jewelry body of tribes various. When human prosperous, they known how to use apparel and can use color from natural tinted or decorate for beauty increase Colors derived from plants such as blue from indigo. Red from Sappan core or orange color from annatto seed, color from animals such as red color from lac. Which is still used today (hongthongdang and Srimakajorn, 2006). The popularity on natural dyes are decreased when they have the chemical synthesis because of the chemicals dyes is easy to use, convenient, highly stable, The quantity and type of colors more sufficient for increasing demand in the production of industrial. but at present we found that the chemical dyes some kinds have carcinogen that harmful to affect the dyer, user and environment. Until some countries discourage fabrics dyed with chemical colors and they will popularity turn to natural colors increase. Most farmers like to dye silk from chemical color or synthesis because the color is fresh color, cheap, convenient and fast and decolorization Dyeing silk a very important role because it can add beauty to silk to use more. at the present, consumers have begun to focus on the use of natural materials is the factors in living. Including silk's consumer both Thailand and overseas is turn to like using fabric dye from natural more. Because the color from natural a light color more than chemical color and does not cause irritation to the skin. It also using a local diversity materials are useful and do not cause pollution to the environment. However, farmer... ...% to 5.5%. The feature extraction process does not properties the loss of natural dye type. However normally usually powder color to be dispersed. The user may be inhaled into the body and the resulting harm. So to keep the dye color is used to compress the powder into a pigment. Which can be easily used. Not be dispersed. Storage facilities just keep in opaque plastic bags or amber bottles in this way, it is keep materials of natural scarce is used to dye natural color all year round In this research, we have make developed a powder colors of natural materials has a variety of colors, consistency of color and stable decolorizing. Farmers can use throughout the year, convenient and simple. To replace the use of chemical colors or synthetic dyes. Reduced the purchases of foreign coloring, added value of the product, unique of silk and respond requirement of consumers

Why Are Men and Women Different – Psychological Reasons

It is generally said that â€Å"Men are from Mars; Women are from Venus†. Although both of them belong to the human species, they very much differ from each other, physically, as well as, mentally. Since the start of the human civilization, there has been a never-ending debate if men and women do actually differ or not. They may be equal, but, it’s certain that they are not the same. Men and women differ physically in the several obvious ways. For example, an average man is taller and heavier than an average woman; Men have more bodily hair than women; Men have larger hearts and lungs; Women have breasts to feed the offspring, etc. These physical differences are a result of differential hormonal secretion. The mental differences are a result of the progress in the human life. When humans lived in the forests, at the beginning of the Human life, men and women weren’t much different mentally. Each individual, invariably of whether that was a man or a woman, hunted for feeding himself/herself. The major difference was that women were getting themselves trained at multitasking, by guarding the young ones, as they hunted. They also scored well in teaching, as they taught the survival skills to their children. The forest life ended as they began to form groups and live under the shelter of the caves. There was a change in the lifestyle, since man decided to keep his woman safe at home i. e. the cave. This also helped women in improving their multitasking skills as they cleaned the place, took care of the children and communicated with the neighbours. This also accounts for their excellence in speaking. Men were out to places; As a result, they got acquainted with locales better than women. They observed routes as they needed them for their next hunt. As a result, they were (and are) good in remembering routes. Contrasting multitasking women, men are exceptionally good at concentrating over a single task. This follows from the regular hunting routine which required a lot of concentration and patience to wait until the right time has popped up. As a result, men were better at focusing on the task at hand and completing the job, before moving on to the next one. This also indirectly reduced the speaking skills of men by making a physical change in their brain. The centre responsible for concentration was not big enough to accommodate the improvements in focusing skills. So, it needed to be expanded. But simply expanding the concentration centre would increase the brain size, thus making it crucial for the (male) baby’s head to come out of the mother’s womb. Hence some adjustments are to be made before it could be enlarged. The speaking centre was chosen to be decreased, so as, to increase the centre for concentration due to the fact that being noiseless is one of the most important qualities of a good hunter because the slightest sound made would easily hint the prey. This is why men hardly speak one-third times as much as women per day. Men are good at some chores while women are good at some other. It is important to recognize that neither is better. They are simply wildly different. It is important to accept and respect the differences. This will bring up a better understanding in relationships and eventually improve the quality of life.

Improving Study Habits Essay

â€Å"The greatest time saver is being organized. Establish routines that go like clockwork.† Maximizing time makes an individual productive. Personal time management is organizing and managing according to personal priorities, to get where one wants to go. Those who use this technique are the highest achievers in all walks of life. The interesting and essential step in beginning to manage time more effectively is to identify how time is being spent, because only through examining, one can begin to set priorities, eliminate time barriers and aids to better time management. In the course of Bachelor of Science in Psychology, students need to learn many skills that are needed in practicing the actual profession. Psychology students have so many academic requirements to prioritize, but they also have extra-curricular that are important as well, and they always need to cope with time pressure. College is an entirely different situation than high school. Classes consist of far fewer grades, but they are worth it when you are done. Do not tell yourself, â€Å"I’ll read the assignment later,† because often times you merely end up cramming right before the test; research indicates that cramming is not the best (nor is it the worst) method of studying. At first, different factors can affect the academic performance of a students in order to achieve success, going through the steps are necessary. It should provide time for students to review activities and prevent too many errors that results to unaccomplished tasks or tasks that are accomplished, but after several attempts to do so. It reduces avoidance and welcomes other opportunities that could help in preparing for other tasks. This study will contribute to the perception of the future psychology students in prioritizing the academic activities and requirements in terms of importance and urgency. The researchers conducted a survey regarding the said topic at Centro Escolar University among the second year psychology students. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the study habits and the effects to academic performance on psychology students’ particularly in the second year level. Habits (or wonts) are routines of behavior that are repeated regularly and tend to occur subconsciously or â€Å"A habit, from the standpoint of psychology, is a more or less fixed way of thinking, willing, or feeling acquired through previous repetition of a mental experience.† As behaviors are repeated in a consistent context, there is an incremental increase in the link between the context and the action. This increases the automaticity of the behavior in that context. Features of an automatic behavior are all or some of: efficiency, lack of awareness, unintentionally, and uncontrollability. And a bad habit is an undesirable behavior pattern. Anyone interested in getting better results, becoming more productive and ultimately more successful should probably take an honest look at the problem of procrastination. Most people think procrastination is just an issue that involves putting things off that can be done later without much of a penalty. But if procrastination will become your habit especially in your study what would be the effect of it in your academic performances? Statement of the problem. 1. What are the bad habits/behavior/attitude toward the respondent’s subjects? Ans. Gagawin pa yang sentence. Lack of interest in the subject area, Unable to set priorities (extra curricular activities, entertainment, etc.), Lack of prerequisites for success in the current subject area, Unstable home life ability to concentrate, lack of interest or motivation to succeed, procrastinating, habitual lateness, overextension, Inability to Prioritize, Negative Mindset and Fear of Failure 2. Does the negative attitudes and habits of psychology students affect their academic performances? 3. The reasons why they act/behave that way. Gagamitan naten to ng theories ha :†) at d pa to tapos. Lack of Focus, Family problems, social lives (including texting, IM’ing, etc.), outside distractions (phone, music, TV),

Out Now The PrepScholar Guide to ACT Science Book!

Out Now The PrepScholar Guide to ACT Science Book! SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Do you struggle with ACT Science? You’re not alone! Science is often the ACT section students feel least comfortable with because it’s so different from the science exams you take in school. Despite this,there are very few books specifically dedicated to ACT Science. At PrepScholar, we decided to use our expert ACT knowledge to fix that.The PrepScholar Guide to ACT Science is the book for students wanting to understand and ace ACT Science. It gives an in-depth analysis of the Science section and explains why students find it so tricky. It also analyzes every single type of passage and question you’ll see on ACT Science so that nothing will be a surprise on test day. By the end of the book, you’ll know all the tricks exam makers use to try to make students select the wrong answer, and you’ll be able to see through every one of them.This book will also walk you through the fastest and most effective way to study for the Science section. Instead of try ing to cram all the science information you learned in school, we give you a short list of every science fact you could be tested on in ACT Science. They contain the only science facts you need to know, so you can put your textbooks down and focus on studying smarter, not harder. We also explain multiple ways to read and attack Science passages so you can choose the strategy that gets you your highest score. Finally, all of these insights include high-quality sample problems and explanations throughout the book so you can understand how to use these skills on real ACT Science questions. You can buy the book on Amazon in either ebook or paper form. If you find it helpful consider leaving a review or sharing it with a friend!

The Personal A of Spanish

The Personal A of Spanish In English, theres no difference in the way the following two sentences are structured: I saw the tree.I saw Teresa. But in the Spanish equivalent, theres an obvious difference: Vi el rbol.Vi a Teresa. The difference is a one-letter word - a - but its an essential one to learn. Known as the personal a, the short preposition is used to precede direct objects when those objects are people. Although a is usually translated as to, the personal a normally isnt translated into English. The First Rule of the Personal A The basic rule is a simple one: The a precedes the mention of a specific person or persons used as a direct object, and (except in some rare cases where its used for clarification) it is not used in other cases. Some simple examples: Levantà ³ la taza. (He lifted the cup.)Levantà ³ a la muchacha. (He lifted the girl.)Oigo la orquestra. (I hear the orchestra.)Oigo a Taylor Swift. (I hear Taylor Swift.)Recuerdo el libro. (I remember the book.)Recuerdo a mi abuela. (I remember my grandmother.)No conozco tu ciudad.  (I dont know your city.)No conozco a tu padre. (I dont know your father.)Quiero comprender la leccià ³n. (I want to understand the lesson.)Quiero comprender a mi profesora. (I want to understand my teacher.) The a is not used if the object doesnt refer to anyone specific: Conozco a dos carpinteros. (I know two carpenters.)Necesito dos carpinteros. (I need two carpenters.) Keep in mind that a is a very common preposition with a variety of translations. The basic rule here pertains to its use preceding a direct object, not in the numerous other cases where a preposition is called for. Although the basic rule is quite simple, there are a few exceptions (arent there always?), and even an exception to an exception. Key Takeaways: The Personal A in Spanish The personal a is used in Spanish before direct objects.The personal a is generally used when the direct object is a person, or an animal or thing that is thought of as a having personal qualities.Although in other contexts a is the equivalent of the English to, the personal a is usually not translated to English. The Exceptions With certain pronouns: This is really more of a clarification rather than an exception. When used as direct objects, the pronouns alguien (somebody), nadie (nobody) and quià ©n (whom) require the personal a. So do alguno (some) and ninguno (none) when referring to people. No veo a nadie. (I dont see anyone.)Quiero golpear a alguien. (I want to hit somebody.) ¿A quià ©n pertenece esta silla? (Whose chair is this?) ¿Taxis? No vi ningunos. (Taxis? I didnt see any.) ¿Taxistas? No vi a ningunos. (Taxi drivers? I didnt see any.) Pets: Many pet owners think of their animals as people, and so does Spanish grammar, so the personal a is used. But the a isnt used with ordinary animals. Veo a mi perro, Ruff. (I see my dog, Ruff.)Veo tres elefantes. (I see three elephants.) Personification: A country or object can be personified, that is it can be treated as if it were a person. Use of the personal a often implies some sort of a personal relationship, such as an emotional attachment, with the noun personified. Yo extraà ±o mucho a Estados Unidos. (I very much miss the United States.)Abracà © a la muà ±eca a causa de era mi amiga. (I hugged the doll, for she was my friend.) With tener: Generally, the a is not used after tener. Tengo tres hijos y una hija. (I have three sons and a daughter.)No tengo jardinero. (I dont have a gardener.) Exceptions to an Exception After tener: The personal a is used after tener when it is used in the sense to physically hold someone or to have someone somewhere. Tengo a mi hijo en los brazos. (I have my son in my arms.)Tengo a mi hija en el pesebre, I have my daughter in the crib. The personal a can also be used after tener when its usage suggests a particularly close or emotional relationship. Cuando estoy triste y necesito hablar, tengo a mis amigos. (When I am sad and need to talk, I have my friends.)Tengo amigos.  (I have friends.)

Student induction program Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Student induction program - Case Study Example The literature on induction in the formal literature such as journals, books, and scholarly publications are not many. Perhaps this manifests a situation in which the role of induction in education is being underestimated. Nevertheless, when this research was conducted, similar efforts were initiated by other students and the findings of this study can be validated by the said studies. Is the induction program of the University of East London working well or successful' What factors are affecting its success' In particular, do gender and student age factors come into play for its success' Is the availability of the university "information pack" also playing a role for the success of the university induction program' How can we improve the induction program of the University of East London' The basic design of this research is to combine quantitative and qualitative research. The qualitative research will be useful in the assessment of success of the induction program based on beneficiary perception of satisfaction or non-satisfaction on the implementation of the program. Meanwhile, the qualitative research component of this study is meant to elicit recommendations on how the induction program can be improved. The recommendations were be elicited from the target beneficiaries of the University of East London: the students. ... The quantitative research will be implemented through a random sample of respondents. In contrast, the qualitative research will be implemented through a non-probability sample of a quota of five students from the random sample. In the latter, there is no intention to create possibilities for inference because the emphasis is to obtain insights from the target beneficiaries of the University of East London. Instruments As mentioned, two data gathering instruments were employed for the study: 1) a questionnaire for quantitative research or survey; and 2) an interview instrument for the qualitative research. The first instrument focuses on respondent profile, the impact of the induction program on the respondents, data that can indicate whether the induction program of the University of London has been successful, and on the variables that may be affecting the success of the University of East London's induction program. In contrast, the second instrument which is an instrument for qualitative research, seeks to enlist respondent insights from a quota of five respondents on how the induction program at the university can be improved. Scope and limitation While the random sampling of this study can be used for inferential statistics, inferential statistics will not be used in view of the author's limitations on time and resources. Because of such limitations, not enough sample size was obtained for greater accuracy although inferential statistics can be applied on the sample using Walpole & Myers (1999, p. 265) to make estimates on the population proportion. Using a larger sample size will even make possible the test of hypotheses on proportions (Walpole & Myers, pp. 337-388) but this is not

Finance question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Finance question - Essay Example Besides selling games products, the Nike Inc. also produces urban fashion clothing common to the youth. Urban clothing has enabled the Incorporation to secure significant awareness especially in the hip-hop culture. Nike Inc. ration also teamed up with Apple Inc. to produce a product that allowed monitoring of athletes through taking statistics of their performance. Nike Inc.’s major competition comes from Adidas. According to Amed (2014), Nike Inc. had an upper hand in winning customer’s top of mind awareness. Nike exploited its endorsement by sports superstars to advertise its Mercurial and Magista superfly boots. The advertisement saw Nike Inc. dominate during the 2014 FIFA world cup (Amed, 2014). According to Amed (2014), uniqueness of the Nike Inc.’s products emanates from the necessity in the sports society as a strategy to ensure sustainability in the market. Uses of sports stars endorsement and frequent innovations have given Nike Inc. an upper hand in the market. Nike Inc. has maintained competitive advantage over it rivals in the market (Nike Inc., 2014) Nike Inc. has formed business collaborations and partnerships in order to achieve the technological breakthrough as a way of increasing its market empire (Amed, 2014). Nike Inc. aims at improving its marketing by use of software. As a result, the Nike Inc. has formed collaborations such as with Apple Inc. to enable the development of personalized software for the Incorporation. Nike Inc. diluted annual earnings and revenues per share have increased by 13 and 9 percent in 2013 and 2014, respectively (NIKE Inc., 2014). Nike Inc.’s investment returns increased from 22 to 25 percent in 2014 with the expanded gross margins increasing by about 190 basis points. The fiscal growth of Nike Inc. resulted in earnings, revenues and cash returns to the incorporation’s shareholders. In 2014, continuing operations net

Developing an Implementation Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Developing an Implementation Plan - Essay Example Such resources include funds, equipment, transport and official recommendations among many others. Obtaining approval for a new solution or project is not an easy task. The first task in this process is convincing the leadership that the solution is relevant and effective. First of all, I will request for a meeting with the relevant authorities for the purpose of presenting my solution to them. I will then prepare thoroughly before the meeting, ensuring that I am fully conversant with all matters regarding the solution so that I may be able to satisfactorily answer all questions asked and, therefore, provide a good impression. This will prevent the leadership from turning down the solution because of my failure to provide sufficient information about it, and proving to them that the solution is more effective than current solutions. During this meeting, I will confidently explain the solution to the hospital authorities while trying to keep the details as straightforward as possible. I will then provide them with an opportunity to ask questions, criticize the solution, or provide their own opinion which may help to improve it. After obtaining the approval of the healthcare authorities, the next task will be to obtain the support of fellow staff. This is necessary because fellow healthcare staff participates in the process of testing the solution to determine its effectiveness. Furthermore, they will be the ones to apply the solution if tested and accepted, to evidence-based practice. Its final application in evidence-based practice will not be fully successful if not all the staffs are convinced of its relevance to the self-management of juvenile onset diabetes. In order to obtain their support, I will approach them and explain the solution to them, and how it will benefit them in their practice, and their patients in the management of their condition. Afterwards, I will give them the opportunity to critique the solution and provide their opinion so as to impro ve it and eliminate any weaknesses that I may have overlooked. I will then modify the solution in accordance with suggestions which are relevant. Description of Current Problem Current methods of managing diabetes mellitus type 1 involve insulin replacement therapy, dietary management, and careful blood glucose monitoring using glucose monitors. Current methods of glycemic control are quite complicated and, therefore, juveniles with diabetes type 1 mellitus have to visit the hospital on a regular basis for accurate blood glucose level checks. Additionally, they have to visit a healthcare facility during cases of sudden hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia which may have adverse effects on health. Recent advancements in medical technology have considerably simplified glycemic control and reduced the need to visit a health facility for checkups. This is because these new technologies have simplified continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), making it possible for juvenile patients to manage effec tively their condition without having to visit a healthcare facility. For this new solution to be successful, patients have to be thoroughly educated on the methods of glycemic control, self-administration of insulin, and dietary management. Detailed Explanation of Proposed Solution For juvenile patients to control their type 1 diabetes effectively, they need to make independent decisions on a daily basis concerning insulin intake, diet, and exercise.

Effect On Air Pollution Of Kathmandu Valley

Effect On Air Pollution Of Kathmandu Valley Clean air is necessary for human health. Human body needs approximately 25 kg of air per day to keep up its requirement of oxygen (CEN, 2002). It replicates signifies the importance of air to human beings and any contamination in the air will have a direct impact on our health. Pure air consists 21% of oxygen 78% of nitrogen and 1% other gases. If the air composition is altered by the increase in concentration of certain gases or by intrusion of non-gaseous components like particulate matters, then the air is understood to be polluted and the components that alter the inherent compositional property of air are termed as air pollutants. Air pollution affects almost all aspects of the environment including the biota and the physical components where they strive on. A variety of sources have been identified as the components of the air pollution and they include both the natural and anthropogenic sources of origin; however, the anthropogenic sources of air pollution are more pronounced. Anthropogenic air pollutants are more harmful and include Particulate matter (PM), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Carbon monoxide (CO), Lead (Pb), Ozone (O3) and Hydrocarbons (HCs). (CEN, 2002) Air pollution is a big issue all over the world mainly in urban areas because of fossil fuel driven transportation system.. Besides this, the unmanaged booming of urban settlements has helped to increase the concentration of air pollutants by limiting their horizontal dispersion thereby interfering with the health of people. Mainly, children, elderly and the patients of lungs and heart are more vulnerable to the effects of air pollution. According to Asian Development Bank (2001), in the South Asian Cities, approximately 100,000 premature deaths every year is caused by the detrimental effects of air pollution. Air Pollution in Kathmandu The issue of air pollution in Kathmandu Valley is continuously drawing the attention of concerned bodies and the gravity of the problem is growing year by year. Owing to the topography of Kathmandu Valley, growing population, haphazard urbanization and increase in vehicle density imparted as an effect of affluence and need to serve the growing population, the valley has been facing worse situation of ambient air every year. However, the issue of air pollution in Kathmandu Valley doesnt bear a long history as the development of road networks and history of transportation system in the valley do not have the long history either. Many researches and the discourse held within the country on air pollution has identified the transportation system and linked with it, the poor situation of the infrastructure as the root causes of air pollution in Kathmandu Valley. Regarding the dominant air pollutant of Kathmandu, it is Particulate Matter (PM), the concentration of which is observed higher d uring night in the winter due to the creation of inversion layer which acts as the blanket to trap pollutants. The PM concentration in Kathmandu has always exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) standard and National Ambient Air Quality Standard of Nepal. Besides particulate matters (PM10 and PM2.5) the concentration of other pollutants are not a major issue in Kathmandu Valley. Gaseous pollutants such as NO2 and SO2 are generally within standards but the concentration of NO2 is fairly high in areas with heavy traffic and this has the potential of future increase with further increase in number of vehicles operating within the valley. Another potential concern is the concentration of air toxins such as benzene and poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The concentration of benzene is within national standards but the national standard of 20 µg/m3 is itself fairly high. Although Nepal does not have any standards for PAH, monitoring done in 2003 indicated fairly high levels of these pollutants in Kathmandu Valley. (ICIMOD, 2007) PM2.5 is considered to be more hazardous than PM10. Although Nepal does not have any standards for PM2.5, some monitoring has been carried out for PM2.5 in Kathmandu Valley. (ICIMOD, 2007) Statement of Problem Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal is the focus of all the major facets of the country, namely economy, tourism, culture, politics, administration and natural environment. Due to the above reasons, the population of Kathmandu valley is increasing day by day. Apart from this, the infrastructure development has never been able to keep up with the unmanaged and accelerating growth. As a result, this has led to increase in slums, inadequate and polluted drinking water supply, polluted air to breathe, haphazard manner of dumping the solid waste in the neighborhoods. Every people have right to breath clean air. Increase in population, vehicular fleet, energy consumption and industries, mainly brick industries have contributed to degrade air quality in Kathmandu valley. Overall, the bowl or the cup shaped topography of the valley also has prevented the dispersion of air pollutants to longer distances. Research questions: The research will address following issues: 1. What is the main air pollution facing by local people in Kathmandu valley? 2. What are the main institutional changes that have been made to control the air pollution? 3. What are strength and weakness of these institutional changes? 4. What further policy measures should be instituted to reduce air pollution to acceptable levels? 2. Background Kathmandu is the capital city of Nepal. The Kathmandu valley consists of three major cities i.e Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur. Kathmandu Valley is situated in 27 ° 3730 N and 27 ° 450 N latitude and 85 ° 15 ´0à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ³ E and 85 ° 22 ´30à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ³ E longitude. And the Kathmandu valley is located at an altitude of 1350meters. The Kathmandu valley is oval shaped and surrounded by high hill range. And the area of Kathmandu valley is 340 sq.km and the total population of Kathmandu valley is 1,442,271(CBS 2001). The climate of Kathmandu valley is sub tropical temperate. Along with it have four seasons pre-monsoon, monsoon, post monsoon and winter. In general, average temperature in summer is 32 °c and in winter is 5 °c. Due to economic activity and high chances of opportunities and facilities many people from all around the country has been migrated in the Kathmandu valley and is been highly dense. Air pollution in the Kathmandu Valley has been one of the major problems. It can be said that air pollution started as the invention of road networks and automobiles. High population with unplanned and unmanaged urbanization, rapid increasing of automobiles, vehicles and industries are the factors in the causes of air pollution. http://www.tsiindia.com/img/nepal_map.gif (Source: http://www.tsiindia.com/img/nepal_map.gif, date:30th November 2010) According to the presentation given by traffic police, road length per traffic police has improved since 1995 from 2.3 km to 1.6 km that is good sign for better traffic management. Nevertheless, due to enormous rise in the number of vehicles in Kathmandu, the traffic police are laden with responsibilities of higher number of vehicles than they had to be for 1995. From 2002 to 2009, the total number of vehicles in Bagmati zone increased by 1.25 times than that was before 2002 from 176415 to 396151. The statistics show that the vehicles has progressively increased from 2002 to 2009, the only exception being at 2006/07 probably due to the cause of contemporary political situation. The number of vehicles for individual traffic police has increased from 165 in 1995 to 415 in 2008 i.e. more than 2.5 times. In reality, the number of vehicles a traffic police should look for is even higher because not all the traffic police within Kathmandu are in duty at the same time during a day. In the context of road length and vehicle numbers, the nominal increase in road length has resulted in crowding of roads. The population density per kilometer road length during 1995 was 1668 that rose to 2353 in 2008 while, the number of vehicles per kilometer road length in Kathmandu was 70 in 1995 that has risen by about four times i.e. 255 in 2008. Moreover, in case of Kathmandu the traffic congestion, in practice, is observed due to the inadequate road width and lack of proper identification of the road lane for vehicles moving from the opposite directions. The proper traffic management can thus be initiated with the demarcation of lane, which can, as additional benefit, reduce the vehicle collision and traffic accident. Figure : Comparison on Transportation Attributes for 1995 and 2005 (Source: Valley Traffic Control, 2009 where Blue colour shows 1995 and red is 2005) Causes of Air pollution: If any unwanted particles mixed in the air, it is called air pollution. It can cause for both human Well as environment also. Air pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid as well as gas form. They are may be either natural or artificial. Main artificial air pollutants are Sulfur Oxides, Nitrogen Oxides, Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Volatile organic compounds, Particulate matters, ground ozone, ammonia etc. (Wikipedia). Sources of artificial air pollution are as follows: i) Rapid Urbanization ii) Vehicular emission iii) Industrial growth iv) Unmanaged disposal of waste etc. 3. THEORY 3.1 Concept of Institution: An institution is any structure or mechanism of social order or it may bee said as a set of some formal rules, regulation and norms of some formal rules, regulation and norms formulated to establish the smooth running society or to govern the behavior of human being in the society. Institutions are formed to formalize the society and to show the human being to act as a social animal. It is the outcome of the society and can be said as the need in the human community to harmonize the behavior of the people. The term institution is commonly applied to customs and behavior patterns important to a society, as well as to particular formal organizations of government and public service (Stanford Encyclopedia: social institutions). Although individual, formal organizations, commonly identifies as Institution may be deliberately and intentionally created by people, the development and functioning of institutions in society in general may be regarded as an instance of emergency, that is institution arise, develop and function in a pattern of social self organizations, which goes beyond the conscious intentions of the individual human involved (http://en .wikipedia.org/wiki/institution#aspects_of_institutions, 28th nov. 2010). The institution that has been established to enhance the quality of ambient air quality in Kathmandu is the outcome of the result from the air pollution. Those are not demand of the people but the result of the problem. The banning of two stroke vehicles in Kathmandu, banning of brick kiln factories was not in favor of people. It just hit on the head of the poor people in the society, but that was the outcomes of the problems not as the intentional outcomes. 3.2 Resource Use and Resource Regimes: Those goods which consists of a natural or human made resource system whose size or characteristics makes it costly but not impossible to exclude the people from getting benefits from its use are generally known as common-pool resource (CPR) or it may be called as common-property resources. Since the common-pool resources are open access, there is the problem off congestion or over use. Unlike public goods, they are subtractable. A common pool resource for example air is a large stock but only provides the limited quantity of extractable unit and over use will create problems as we are here to discuss the air pollution in Kathmandu. A common property regime is a particular social arrangement regulating the preservation, maintenance, and consumption of a common pool resource. The use of the term Common property resource to designate a type of good has been critized, because common pool resource is not necessarily governed by common property regimes.(http://en.wikkipedia.org/wiki/commo n/pool/resource,date26th Nov.2010). Example may be taken as the air in Kathmandu which is the common pool resources. It allows certain amount of pollutants but beyond this the gets polluted. There will be various consequences as it gets polluted. Because the core resource is vulnerable, it is subjected to congestion, over use and ultimately pollution. Any system has their own certain capacity to cope with the change and beyond that the system gets disturb and in case off air in Kathmandu, situation came due to the dramatic increase in population and excessive use of vehicles that run by the fossil-fuels. The use of common pool resources can be continuously done as the loop if they are managed properly and carefully exploited because they form the positive feedback loop since they are stock variable but the haphazard use of it deteriorates the stock and disrupt the flow variable for good. 3.2.1 Resource Use in Kathmandu: Open access Market Effect of distribution No rules As shown in the above figure, the air in the Kathmandu was open access and there was no any rules concerning the use of it and the ownership for it. As the time passes, there araised several agents and market introduced. The outcome of the dramatic increase in the population in the city results in the excessive use of vehicles for the transportation system. Unfortunately those vehicles are run by fossil fuel which when used emit air pollutant in the atmosphere. So there is the pollution problem in the valley. Now government has their head towards it and they are formulating institution to enhance thee quality of it. Though the air in the valley is open access but there are some rules concerning the use of it. Thee government have introduced green tax, banning of diesel running three wheelers etc. Now the system approaches where it is still the open access but with market, shown in the figure above. There are some rules concerning the use of it and hence thee distributional have came into action in this case. 3.3 Framework for Analyzing for resource use problem Air in the Kathmandu valley is common property and is open access. At the time passes, the technology has developed as well as the population of city increase dramatically. This is partly due the centralization and civil war in Nepal. If the natural resources was vast compare to the capacity of people to use it, there could be no problem (vatn, 2005), but here the thing is just opposite to that. Technology Attributes of the resources: Outcomes -resource use -state of resource Agents and aagents choices Patterns of interaction Institutions- regimes Convention Norms Formal rules (Source: Vatn, 2005,) (Figure: Framework for analyzing resource use problems) Finally this aspect has influence has chose new institution and government of Nepal formulated some rules and regulation for the enhancement of air quality in Kathmandu valley. Along with this, different Medias, NGOs, INGOs are involved to motivate people regarding air pollution. The institution such as banning of two stock vehicles, relocation of Himal cement factory, introduction of green tax was introduced. Although there are many such many rules regulation and acts came into existence but some the institution lack third party control system. The government formulated the rules and people were not seemed to walk along with this change. Since there was lack of third party no body were there to check and control the implementation of such policies. With regards to institution we may also distinguish between operational rules, rules concerning the defining of operation rules and finally external arrangement / rules. The operational rule defines the everyday regulation regimes. (Vatn, 2005). The next important factor to take into consideration is agents and agents choice. Here the structure of institution greatly helps to motivate the people. Institution in Nepal was so formed that people were motivated and aware of air pollution and its impact to some extent. But the technology did not fit the resource use. As being the developing county the people do not have any option rather than to use fissile fuels as the main source of energy for the transportation system. At the same time dramatic increase in population in the city force to consume more fuel energy and Kathmandu valley stood first in position in term of vehicle registration in Nepal. So the air being the open access was very vulnerable to risk. Eventually due interaction of technology and choice of agents the problem of air pollution came in the valley. There difficulties are mainly due to four factors. Basically regime is not able to motivate correlation action in accordance with what is demanded given resource characteristic, technology, number of agents and corruption by the government official. Corruption is so deep rooted that one can easily break up the institution formulated by the state. This can be seen as the drawback of the system or the lack of motivation. If outcomes are not in accordance what is expected or wanted agents can change institutional structures. In principal this may occur at all level, with regards to conventions, norms and formal rules (Vatn, 2005). However, changing such rules and regulation certainly need considerable time and result of such change to the institution can only be noticed after some period of time. 3.4 Air as a common pool resource in Kathmandu Goods or resources can be generally classified into two groups. They are Excludable or Non-excludable and Rivalry or Non Rivalry. When a person or a firm can set a barrier on his/her property like land to prevent the use of it by other are called excludable goods and those where the demarcation is not possible are called non-excludable goods. When the goods at one time prevent the use off same good simultaneously by other is called rivalry goods and on the other hand, just like air, the of which can never stop other to use it at the same time is called non-rivalry goods or resource. Exclusion costs (TCs) Low High I III II IV Yes Rivalry in use or consumption No (Source: Vatn, 2005, pp 263) (Fig: Characterization of resources or goods according to the cost of exclusion and rivalry in use or consumption). While goods of type I are typically labeled Private goods, type II and type IV are called goods and public goods, respectively. With regards to type III, common-pool-resourceis an often used concept. In the tradition of leaping of resource characteristics to regime implication, type I is often equated with private property and markets, II with clubs, III with standard common property or open access and IV with state/public property. (Vatn, 2005, pp 263) 3.4.1 Rivalry goods As we are discussing about the in the Kathmandu valley, it can bee seen that the resource is rivalry type. In Kathmandu valley, different types of factories, industries, vehicles are continuously meeting the air pollutant which ultimately invited the pollution problem and all the citizens are suffering from it. In the case of rival goods, the core problem is that of external effect. This is typically the case for many environmental resources where use-at least beyond the certain level-reduce its quantity and/or quality (Vatn, 2005, pp263). Therefore air in case of Kathmandu valley can be considered as rival goods. 3.4.2 Non-Excludable goods When the goods are private or owned by certain people or organization, than the demarcation is very easy that means transaction cost is very low. But when thee goods or resources are open access or common property, the exclusion cost is very high because the typical demarcation is not possible. In this case, air is common property and everybody in the city can use it undoubtly and the transaction cost is very high 3.5 Mechanism to reduce air pollution: The pollution problem in Kathmandu can be seen as the outcome of excessive energy used and technological development. This can simply be framed as follows: Production Input Output 3.5.1 Taxation input Basically the major pollution problem in the valley is due to the excessive use of the vehicles which are runes by the petroleum products. So air pollution can be reduced by introducing the tax in the fossil fuel. This is the best way because there is low transaction cost in doing so. High tax in the fule wills automatically reduce the use of private vehicles and the public vehicles uses will be increased to the considerable extent. 3.5.2 Taxation in production and technology On the other hand, this can be done by introducing the tax in the technology that means motor car, private vehicles, and factories, industries which use energy and emit the pollutants in the air and also providing the subsidy to those who use bicycle or electronic means of transportation. As the government of Nepal is doing , banning of diesel running three wheelers, two stock vehicles are also the way to enhance the air quality to some extent. This is a very simple way and there is low transaction cost in introduction such institutions but this dominantly hit the poor in the society. 3.5.3 Taxation in Output There is another way of controlling the air pollution but the transaction cost in very high in doing so. The introduction of emission tax can be very good way to enhance the air quality. Here the transaction cost will be fairly very high. 4. Methods For fulfilling the study objectives, a systematic study approach was followed. The major base for research founded with the collection of relevant secondary data and information from various national and international sources. The field-based study could not be done. The following process are done: Literature Review Secondary Data Collection Data Analysis Draft Report Preparation Final Report Dissemination 5. Analysis Increasing number of vehicles without extension of roads is diagnosed to be the major problem in Kathmandu. The growth of the vehicles in Kathmandu is a major concern to traffic police, vehicle drivers, and pedestrians. From the result, it is observed that the road length of Kathmandu is increasing very nominally while the numbers of vehicles are increasing with an exceptional growth rate and it ultimately help to increase air pollution. 5.1 Causes of Air Pollution Air pollution causes by both anthropogenic as well as natural sources. Anthropogenic source is the main cause in Kathmandu valley than that of natural source. Mainly fossil fuel combustion and other activities like brick factories, unmanaged road system, stone grinding factories are added pollution. Vehicle system is the main source to emit carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxide. Approximately 67 percent of Particulate matter is supplied by vehicular emission in Kathmandu valley. 5.1.1 Sources of air pollution Sources of air pollution are of two types: Natural and artificial. Main sources of artificial air pollution are as follows: A) Rapid Urbanization: Kathmandu valley has very fertile land, but nowadays it is known as unmanaged urban area. The main cause of this is Kathmandu-centric development and migration of people due to insurgency and political conflict. It is the biggest city of the Nepal and about 20 percent urban people live here. The population increase rate here is as twice as national rate of 2.2%. (ICIMOD, 2007). B) Vehicular Emission: It is the main source for air pollution. According to the Department of Transportation and Management, Government of Nepal, the first bus service in Nepal commenced in1957 and since then the fleet has grown substantially. The cumulative vehicular number in Bagmati zone (administrative zone where the vehicles of Kathmandu Valley are registered) was 176,415 in 2001 and it reached 396,151 in 2008. Most of the vehicles registered in Bagmati zone is used in Kathmandu valley. This record shows the rapid increment of vehicles in Kathmandu valley. Vehicle number in Kathmandu has been increasing rapidly in the last five years. C) Industrial Emissions: About two-fifth industries in Nepal are located in Kathmandu valley. According to the Department of Cottage and small industries, there were 14,971 up to 2006. Out of them, 111 are brick kilns and 89 are stone crushers. They contribute 14% of the total particulate matter in Kathmandu valley. Management of solid waste is another problem which also causes air pollution and vulnerable to health. (ICIMOD,2007) 5.1.2 Effects of air pollution The effect of air pollution is high in human health. High exposure in air pollution may cause chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, asthma and other respiratory problems. It also affects cardio vascular system and nervous system (Lahiri, 2003). Particulate matter is the main problem of Kathmandu, which not only affects the health but also the tourism industry. Due to the poor health, human productivity is also loss. All these impacts finally affect the economic system of individual as well as of state. The long term study of health impact due to air pollution is yet to be conducted in Kathmandu Valley. However, Child Workers in Nepal Concerned Centre (CWIN) surveyed about 60 children who were working as staffs on three-wheelers in valley and result showed that 84% staffs were suffering from eye problem, 82% chest pains, 66% were suffering from coughs and 58% by headaches. Similarly 45% children were suffering by respiratory problem. Shakya S conducted a study incorporating questionnaires to the traffic police. He observed that out of 90 traffic police, most of them were suffering from diseases related to nervous and respiratory systems. Similarly, Clean Energy Nepal (CEN) also did a questionnaire survey for the people who live near to the brick industries and in control area. The study revealed that 54% out of surveyed people near to the brick kiln were suffering from respiratory problem and 41% people in the control area were affected by respiratory disorder. The other problems due to air pollution are as follows: Acid rain Ozone layer depletion Reduction of visibility In context of Kathmandu, the issues of acid rain and ozone layer depletion are not very significant as both of these issues are the outcomes of the heavy industrial pollution. The formation of the photochemical smog and acid droplets due to hydration of the SOx and NOx are not well defined in the pollution status of the ambient air of Kathmandu. As mentioned in the earlier sections the concentrations of both these gases are well below the standards set by the Government of Nepal and WHO. However, regarding the visibility the problem perpetuates in Kathmandu during all seasons with even more pronounced effects during the winters when temperature inversion takes place. The visibility problem is basically caused by the particulate matters and the problem subsides only during the periods of heavy rainfall. 5.2. Policies and institutional arrangements for managing emissions from motor vehicles: A number of programs have been done to fight against the air pollution in Kathmandu Valley. Some are given below. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In 1991, government stopped to register three-wheelers. It was the first response related to air pollution of Kathmandu valley. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In 1994, government place emission standards for in-use vehicles. Green stickers were given those vehicles which met emission values. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ministry of Population and Environment was established in 1995. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Environmet Protection Act 2000 and Rules were enacted in 1997. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In 1998, the government formulated NVMES in 2000; these standards, equivalent to EURO-I emission norms, went into effect from January 2000. All new means of transportation imported from abroad since then have had to meet the terms. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In 1997 the government decided to provide financial support to battery-operated electric three-wheelers. It was given in the form of tax breaks. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In 1999, diesel three-wheelers were banned in Kathmandu Valley. Similarly it was banned in other cities also. Vehicle owners were given tax incentive to buy new vehicles. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In November 2000, the government decided to ban public vehicles older than 20 years. Similarly it banned all two stroke vehicle in Kathmandu Valley. The policy was followed from 16 November, 2001. Government tried to follow this rule strictly but was unable to put into practice the decision. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In late 2000, two-stroke motorcycle registration was restricted. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The vehicle run by LPG and CPG (compressed natural gas) was improved from 2000. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In 2001, government decided adds 10% extra tax for the vehicle having older than 15 years. This is the first case that government linked between tax and vehicle age. It helped to discourage the use of older vehicles. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In 2001, The National Transport Policy was formulated. This policy is directly related to clean transportation system. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In 2003, the National Ambient Air Quality System for various air pollutants was established. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Two-stroke three-wheeler vehicles were banned from 2004 in the Kathmandu Valley. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Government closed Himal Cement Factory to control the air pollution which was situated near the valley. (Source: Dahal, 2006) Government has formulated and applied many rules and regulations to address the air pollution of Kathmandu valley, but the graph below shows that the main air pollutants Total Suspended Particulates (Particulate matters) is increasing every year. (Source: MoEST Report 2006) 5.3. Strength and weakness of these institutional changes: It is found that reforms in existing institutional set up is likely to bring some positive impact on the air quality of Kathmandu valley. Removing two stroke vehicles from the valley have reduced the air pollution as well as noise pollution. It has also helped to reduce the energy consumption because the two stroke vehicles use more fuel than other. However, the rules and regulations are no implemented because of the political instability and corruptions. The economic condition of the country has also impacted on the implementation the institutions because the government has not allocated sufficient fund for environment. In Nepal there is separate ministry dealing with environment (Ministry of Environment), however, the establishment of the local authority like environment department and its associated regional and district bodies, to effectively deal with the problems related to environment has not been materialized yet, even after more than a decade has passed with the establishmen t of environment ministry. The establishment of environment department is still in the stage of planning and government has made efforts to establish it in near future, but according to the government financial constraint