Moon Jelly Fish Sample Essay Example For Students

Moon Jelly Fish Sample Essay The Moon Jellyfish in the scientific universe is known as the Aurelia aurita. It is one of the most common Portuguese man-of-war along the Atlantic Coast. It is reportedly less deadly than other jellyfish. The Moon Jellyfish is normally semitransparent white. pink or ecru. It is in the Kingdom Animalia. Followed by the Phylum Cnidaria. The Moon Jellyfish is in the category Scyphozoa. Its belongs to the order Semaeostomeae. It is in the household Ulmaridae and the Genus Aurelia. The Moon Jellyfish belongs to the Species A. aurita. The Moon Jellyfish has nematocysts on its tentacles which is a deadly coiled thread-like stinger. When the nematocyst is called upon to fire. the yarn is straight. and springs directly. The harpoon-like yarn punctures through the cnidocyte wall and into the quarry. Once it captures prey on its tentacles it is brought to its organic structure by undertaking its tentacles in a corkscrew gesture. It feeds on plankton which includes beings such as molluscs. crustaceans. urochordate larvae. rotifers. immature polychetes. protozoons. diatoms. eggs. fish eggs. and other little beings. All Aurelia including the Moon Jellyfish swim by pulsings of the bell-shaped upper portion of the animate being. Swiming largely maps to maintain the animate being near the surface of the H2O instead than to do advancement through the H2O. They swim horizontally. maintaining the bell near the surface at all times. This allows the tentacles to be spread over the largest possible country. in order to better catch nutrient. The coronal musculus allows the animate being to throb in order to travel. Urges to contract are sent by manner of the subumbrellar nervus cyberspace and are nervous in beginning. The Moon jelly has rhopalial centres. which allow it to command the pulsings. As the O rate in the H2O goes down. so excessively does the respiratory rate of the Portuguese man-of-war. The Moon Jellyfish is found in three oceans. The Atlantic Ocean. Pacific Ocean. and the Indian Ocean. They are found near the seashore. largely in warm and tropical Waterss. But they can defy temperatures every bit low as -6 grades Celsius and every bit high as 31 grades Celsius. They thrive in H2O with a temperature of 9-19 grades Celsius. Their home ground includes the coastal Waterss of all zones and they occur in immense Numberss. They are known to populate in brackish Waterss with every bit low a salt content as 0. 6 % . Decreased salt in the H2O diminishes the bell curvature and frailty versa. They live in the Biomes reef. tropical coastal. and freshwater lake. Sexual adulthood in Moon Jellyfish occurs in the spring and summer. Their eggs develop in sex glands located in lookouts formed by the frills of the unwritten weaponries. Their sex glands are normally the most recognizable portion of the animate being. because of their deep and conspicuous colour. Their sex glands lie near the underside of the tummy. Males and females are distinguishable and reproduction is sexual. The Moon Portuguese man-of-war. unlike some other species of Portuguese man-of-war. has both unwritten weaponries and tentacles to ease its feeding procedure. Moon Jellyfish are the most commonly kept species of Portuguese man-of-war. in both public fish tanks and by serious hobbyists. The sting of the Moon Portuguese man-of-war is non fatal or unsafe to worlds. Moon Jellyfish do non possess a encephalon. hear. blood. head eyes or ears. They are 95 % H2O. It has two chief phases of life. The first phase is the polyp phase and the 2nd is the medusa phase.

Specific Heat Lab Report Sample

Specific Heat Lab Report Paper To find out what fuel releases the most heat energy whereas the amount of fuel wasted is also accounted for; we could test a number of well-known fuels (provided by the school) and contemplate their bonding attributes and components which they are composed of (all fuels are compounds, so they are made up of number of hydrocarbons, thus bonds are customary during combustions The main emphasis of this experiment is to identify not only the energy potential emitted by the fuels in a given amount of time, but also to discover how and most importantly why every fuel releases the amount of energy that correspondingly. Of course in order to accomplish this test fairly, time, fire intensity, water (substance) levels Will be considered once implemented into the equation. Variables: Independent Variable * The different fuels used in the experiment. Dependent Variable The combusted energy taken in by the body of water (LA in Kilo Joules). Controlled: Amount of water used for heating (1 ml). * Calorie Meter. Starting temperature of water inside boiling tube (ICC). Amount of time boiling tubes are heated (2 minutes). The placement and size tot the hole (in the foil covering the calorie meters cap) where the thermometer was put through. * Weighing scale (ml). We will write a custom essay sample on Specific Heat Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Specific Heat Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Specific Heat Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Hypothesis: Similar to enthalpy but differs in terms of the output capacities which are even in Kilojoules and interpreted into moles, and the formulas utilized to discover the energy yield of combustion. Our group investigated the difference in enthalpy changes for the combustion of different alcohols. This is done to find out how the number Of carbon atoms a fuel contains effects the enthalpy change during complete combustion. To do this we ignited the combustible thread-lid Which links directly to the fuel and arrange for as much Of the energy as practically possible to be transferred to the water through energy heating. In theory, the more hydrocarbons that a fuel has, the more energy that is going to e produced QUICK-RECAP: A Hydrocarbon is a compound of hydrogen and carbon, such as any of those that are the chief components of petroleum and natural gas. To work out the enthalpy change of combustion for the alcohols we use the assumption that LLC of water is equal to lag. Using this assumption we then use the equation energy absorbed MS;-AT; which means Amount of energy mass of water x specific heat capacity x temperature rise. Instead, we also use the preferable scientific formula [K mica) to find the potential energy absorption in the waters temperature, being the Kilojoules (output), m being mass of he water, and the remaining is the specific heat capacity times the temperature rise, respectively. Obviously, as the equation suggests, all these values in the other side of the equation (right side where the components are i. E. mica) are multiplied together. Because it is a controlled variable, the waters mass and volume will be preserved throughout the experiment, not to mention its own mass of 0. KGB (log). The specific heat capacity is 4. 2. Something to pay attention to is the change in temperature in all objects utilized in the test, Obviously heat energy is rendered from one medium to another, and how much of it solely depends on the molecular Structure (so the item(s) could be either a insulator or conductor): So to establish and maintain the original equilibrium of objects (how high the temperatur e was per item at the beginning Of the test) we had to cool down all tools and including the thermometer. Thankfully, the thermometer granted us the privilege to be able to measure the temperature of all necessary objects (the water for example had to be settled to the room temperature of the room). By the time all was set, the next trial could initiate. This entire procedure enables us control the variables of the experiment, Some of the elemental combustibles prone to fire are hydrocarbons, because they contain carbon and hydrogen, and fire thrives on oxygen, carbon and hydrogen in this scenario. So it is very expected that whatever combustible holds the most hydrocarbons will be the most flammable and energetic. Another way to describe how this works is by the emphasis tot how toot gives energy to the consumer: some toots nourish us more than others depending on the kilojoules that they have. Carbohydrates are often high on kilojoules and calories, which is precisely why they are essential for exercising routines. How does this relate to the context? Well, we can relate the carbohydrates to the fuels and the outlay of energy by the body to the exothermic reaction given off by the ignition of the fuel How much is given off really depends on the amount of kilojoules, and this applies to both situations. To calculate the change between the fuels we must work out the Enthalpy change of combustion when 1 mole of a fuel is burned thoroughly under normal conditions in room temperature. Calculate the number of moles burned per fuel by finding each of the fuels molecular mass and then applying their respective ATA into the equation. Apparatus: 1. Clamp Stand 2. Match Sticks Box 3. Stopwatch jell$;; 4. Fuels varying) 5. Calorie Meter 6. Thermometer 7. Water (Mimi -XII) 8. Measuring cylinders (1 Mol) 9. Aluminum Foil Sheet(s) 10. Safety goggles 11. Metal Water cup/mug Method(s): l. Trial commencement: Collect equipment and apparatus (remember to apply safety precautions! ). 2. Set up the clamp stand, adjust the claw in a way it would be able to wrap around the cup and have a satisfactory grip on it so it does not collapse. 3. Once the cup is lodged into the Clamp, conceal the lid of the up with a piece of aluminum fabric, and then proceed to puncture the region where the hollow gap in the lid was. 4. Measure the mass of the fuel, and the container in which it is held (without the fuel). . Pill the measuring cylinder with roughly 10 millimeters of water, and then unload the contents into the cup/ mug in the clamp 6. Set up the Bunsen burner below the cups lower surface; attach the cord into the gas compartment. 7. Place a thermometer through the aluminum gap so the thermometer can contact the water. Measure the temperature of the water, the distilled water should have room temperature. 8. Ignite a matchstick and switch the gas o n make the Bunsen burner catch fire and create a flame. 9. Pentane-l -01 has the greatest number tot carbon atoms in the chain and also the highest enthalpy change of combustion. Therefore as the number of carbon atoms increases the enthalpy change also increases. This is because as he number of carbon atoms in a chain increases the number of bonds which can be broken also increases. Bond breaking is endothermic which means energy is given out to the surroundings. The more carbon atoms there are in a chain the more energy there will be given out to the surroundings through the breaking of bonds, therefore the greater the enthalpy change of combustion. Methanol has the least number of carbon atoms, therefore the least number of bonds broken which results in lower enthalpy change of combustion as less energy is given out to the surroundings. Pentane-l-lo has the greatest number of carbon atoms in the Hahn, therefore the most number Of bonds broken Which results in the highest enthalpy change of combustion as more energy is given out to the surroundings. The alcohols increase in size by a CHI group each time. This results in an increase of approximately KICK] mole for the enthalpy change of combustion. This increase is attributed to the fact there is 1 more C. C bond and 2 more CHI bonds broken each time, which means the burning of the fuel is more exothermic so more heat will be given out to the surroundings and the enthalpy change will be greater. The bonds are broken and new bonds are formed to give the products eater and carbon dioxide. As the alcohols increase in size by a CHI group 1 more water and 1 more carbon dioxide are produced. As you can see from the results table my results are much smaller than the data book values, possible explanations will be given for this in the Evaluation. Evaluation: The results showed to be quite off what was expected: some trial data differed from one another dramatically. Due to the heat energy loss many of the energy was lost through the exothermic reactions, in which some of the heat is transferred from one medium into other surrounding mediums such as the air. It s inevitable that during this investigation numerous errors will occur; human error can be a factor the heat from the cup/mug could have been transferred to the clamp, the tap water could have different cooling levels than other waves. Some will be procedural errors others will be due to human error. These errors have reduced the accuracy of my results. Firstly human error may have occurred when taking readings and measurements, this is inevitable and little Can be done to prevent it. But that does not imply that the conclusion of the experiment was wrong, we still managed to come in terms With a valid solution and thesis, most importantly, the hypothesis we had originally alleged was relatively precise. Bibliography: 1. R, Nave. Hydrocarbons.

Top 3 Supreme Court Cases Involving Japanese Internment

Top 3 Supreme Court Cases Involving Japanese Internment During World War II, not only did some Japanese Americans refuse to relocate to internment camps, they also fought federal orders to do so in court. These men rightfully argued that the government depriving them of the right to walk outside at night and live in their own homes violated their civil liberties. After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, the U.S. government  forced more than 110,000 Japanese Americans into detention  camps, but Fred Korematsu, Minoru Yasui, and Gordon Hirabayashi  defied orders. For refusing to do what they’d been told, these courageous men were arrested and jailed. They eventually took their cases to the Supreme Court- and lost.​ Although the Supreme Court would rule in 1954 that the policy of â€Å"separate but equal† violated the Constitution, striking down Jim Crow in the South, it proved incredibly shortsighted in cases related to Japanese  American internment. As a result, Japanese Americans who argued before the high court that curfews and internment infringed upon their civil rights had to wait until the 1980s for vindication. Learn more about these men. Minoru Yasui v. the United States When Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, Minoru Yasui was no ordinary twenty-something. In fact, he had the distinction of being the first Japanese American lawyer admitted to the Oregon Bar. In 1940, he began working for the Consulate General of Japan in Chicago but promptly resigned after Pearl Harbor to return to his native Oregon. Shortly after Yasui’  arrived in Oregon, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 on Feb. 19, 1942. The order authorized the military to bar Japanese Americans from entering certain regions, to impose curfews on them and to relocate them to internment camps. Yasui deliberately defied the curfew. â€Å"It was my feeling and belief, then and now, that no military authority has the right to subject any United States citizen to any requirement that does not equally apply to all other U.S. citizens,† he explained in the book And Justice For All. For walking the streets past curfew, Yasui was arrested. During his trial at the U.S. District Court in Portland, the presiding judge acknowledged that the curfew order violated the law but decided that Yasui had forsaken his U.S. citizenship by working for the Japanese Consulate and learning the Japanese language. The judge sentenced him to a year in Oregon’s Multnomah County Jail. In 1943, Yasui’s case appeared before the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled that Yasui was still a U.S. citizen and that the curfew he’d violated was valid. Yasui eventually ended up at an internment camp in Minidoka, Idaho, where he was released in 1944. Four decades would pass before Yasui was exonerated. In the meantime, he would fight for civil rights and engage in activism on behalf of the Japanese American community. Hirabayashi v. the United States Gordon Hirabayashi was a University of Washington student when President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066. He initially obeyed the order but  after cutting a study session short to avoid violating the curfew, he questioned why he was being singled out in a way  his white classmates were not. Because he considered the curfew to be a violation of his Fifth Amendment rights, Hirabayashi decided to intentionally flout it. â€Å"I was not one of those angry young rebels, looking for a cause,† he said in a 2000 Associated Press interview. â€Å"I was one of those trying to make some sense of this, trying to come up with an explanation.† For defying Executive Order 9066 by missing curfew and failing to report to an internment camp, Hirabayashi was arrested and convicted in 1942. He ended up jailed for two years and did not win his case when it appeared before the Supreme Court. The high court argued that the executive order was not discriminatory because it was a military necessity. Like Yasui, Hirabayashi would have to wait until the 1980s before he saw justice. Despite this blow, Hirabayashi spent the years after World War II getting a master’s degree and a doctorate in sociology from the University of Washington. He went on to a career in academia. Korematsu v. the United States Love motivated Fred Korematsu, a 23-year-old shipyard welder, to defy orders to report to an internment camp. He simply did not want to leave his Italian  American girlfriend and internment would have separated him from her. After his arrest in May 1942 and subsequent conviction for violating military orders, Korematsu fought his case all the way to the Supreme Court. The court, however, sided against him, arguing that race did not factor into the internment of Japanese Americans and that internment was a military necessity. Four decades later, the luck of Korematsu, Yasui, and Hirabayashi changed when legal historian Peter Irons stumbled upon evidence that government officials had withheld several documents from the Supreme Court stating that Japanese Americans posed no military threat to the United States. With this information in hand, Korematsu’s attorneys appeared in 1983 before the U.S. 9th Circuit Court in San Francisco, which vacated his conviction. Yasui’s conviction was overturned in 1984 and Hirabayashi’s conviction was  two years later. In 1988, Congress passed the Civil Liberties Act, which led to a formal government apology for internment and payment to of $20,000 to internment survivors. Yasui died in 1986, Korematsu in 2005 and Hirabayashi in 2012.

UNIT 3 ACTIVITY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

UNIT 3 ACTIVITY - Essay Example Of most significance is my desire to be able to contribute positively to the lives of people I meet. To do this, I consider a rational and consistent approach to be essential. Emotionally I strive to keep up a continued positive and compassionate attitude, so that the people I encounter can accept me as someone who does not influence them negatively. Instead, I would prefer to be understood as a person who is able to help by accepting and listening to others without preconceptions or prejudices, or even my own emotional state influencing my interactions. While I do understand that this approach is important in the practice of psychology, it is also clear that this helps in all my interactions with people: professional, in the academic context, and personally within my family and friendship circle. The most important relationships in my life are with my close family members. To ensure that these relationships grow is an ongoing goal. I believe that these relationships contribute to success in everything I do. They certainly help me to maintain a balanced, rational, and consistent approach in my life. The honestly expressed opinions of those close to me help me to make difficult decisions with the security that I am advised by people who care for me. Further, I want to focus on becoming someone my family can look to when their decisions are difficult. We should be able to offer reciprocal and non-judgmental support to one another in all situations, so that we are all able to succeed personally and professionally. I believe that this kind of support â€Å"at home† will help anyone to succeed in their lives. In order to satisfy my academic needs, I aim to achieve a doctoral degree. I enjoy academic study so continuing to pursue new knowledge and skills contributes to my personal well-being. To achieve well within an academic sphere also allows me to build and maintain a good self-image – I feel that I am working hard to meet my potential, while moving closer

Texting in the Workplace Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Texting in the Workplace - Research Paper Example Its impact to the society is vast but is still in an on-going debate whether it is advantageous or not. For some, the use of text messaging is useful at work because of the fact that a person can still be reached even when he or she is not around the office, in terms of communication with client, and others. However, text messaging is also seen as a hindrance for a productive work because of the time people spend on it, the distraction it gives, and others. This paper has examined and evaluated a few among the literatures that can help the author assess the impact of text messaging in the workplace to give some indications that can help in the future career. II. Report Mobile phone has been a device that is widely distributed in the world. For some, it has been a necessity just like parts of their everyday lives. However, its impact to the society is still being explored through various researches. Some claim the advantages that mobile phone has contributed to them while the others s tates its disadvantages to the society. However, one certain impact of mobile phone has been noted. Through mobile phone, text messaging has turned out to be a form of mass communication in the society (Rheingold, 2002). ... This review aims at providing a cursory outlook on texting in the workplace and may not be a representative of the complete array of information concerning text messaging. Indeed, text messaging is proven to be advantageous in some points but text messaging that is situated in the workplace is still an on-going discussion. According to Langer (2008), researches concerning text messaging in the workplace are only limited. For Daft and Lengel, text messaging is much more suitable for task-based communication (as cited in Hu, Wood, Smith & Westbrook, 2004). On the one hand, on an account on text messaging, Galushkin’s (2003) claims that text messaging has the ability to be a rich medium in distributed organizations. In such a way, text messaging is asserted to be a more important means of communication and also that it has the more advantage of its ability to facilitate a communication which is fast even if the users are distant to each other. However, the disadvantage of text me ssaging is the less rich quality of communication because it lacks the audio and visual aspect, facial expression, body language, tone of voice as well as the other non-verbal forms of communication. In terms of work related communication, Galushkin (2003) expresses that the advantage of text messaging is when the employee does not feel inferior when addressing his or her superior. Because of this feeling of inferiority, productivity at work is at stake for the uneasiness and apprehension to talk or ask his or her boss. Productivity can be ensured as well given that the time spent on communication is usually shorter than face to face interaction. Text messaging is really much more efficient because of the advantage of having

Influence of Pain on Quality of Life for Cancer Patients

Influence of Pain on Quality of Life for Cancer Patients Abstract Purpose: Pain is a common complaint of cancer patients which is found to significantly affect the quality of life of Head and Neck cancer patients. For patients suffering from cancer, control of symptoms and pain play a significant role in improving the overall quality of life of head and neck cancer patients. A literature search revealed that studies on the intensity of pain and quality of life before receiving anticancer therapy are lacking. Thus, this study was an attempt to assess the influence of intensity of pain on quality of life of cancer patients before receiving anticancer treatments Methods: A total of 100 histopathologically confirmed cases of head and neck cancer were interviewed. Intensity of pain was evaluated using the Brief Pain Inventory and the quality of life of patients was evaluated using EORTC QLQ-C30 module.. Results: The results showed that majority of patients suffering from oral cancer belonged to 5th and 6th decade of life. Kruskal Wallis test showed statistically significant in the quality of life and tumour stages. Chi square test also gave significant association between the quality of life and pain. Conclusions:. Assessment of Quality of life in cancer patients will direct the attention of clinician to the most important symptom; pain. Thus appropriate interventions can be instituted at right time along with palliative care to improve the Quality of Life of cancer patients. Keywords: Pain, Quality of Life, Cancer, Palliative care Introduction: Head and neck cancer encompasses a group of tumours involving the lip, oral cavity, nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx and paranasal sinuses. By incidence, it is the sixth leading cancer worldwide and eighth by fatality. Every year 0.5 million new cases are reported. It usually develops in 6th-7th decade of life and five year survival rate in a patient suffering from HNSCC is 40-50%. Approximately 40% of these tumours occur in the oral cavity, 15% occur in the pharynx, and 25% occur in the larynx; in 90% of the cases, the most common histologic type is squamous cell carcinoma. (1) Pain is the most burdensome symptom and is one of the most common complaints in a patients suffering from Head and Neck cancer. A systematic review evaluating the prevalence of pain in cancer patients over past 40 years reported high figures in the range of 52-77%. (2) The review also stated that as the stage of cancer advanced the prevalence of pain also increased. They reported a prevalence of 62%–86% in patients with advanced cancer. (2) These figures are in contrast to rapidly increasing research work in the field of pain relief. Pain is one of the most significant symptoms of cancer patients that affects multiple domains of life ranging from its impact on physical functioning to emotional functioning. It is a usual symptom of cancer patients, accounting for 30% to 40% of their chief complaints, and is of multifactorial aetiology. Approximately 58% of cancer patients suffer from unbearable pain, and this prevalence increases to 85% in patients with cancer in advanced stages. (3. A metanalysis which was carried out in the year of 52 studies for evaluating the prevalence of pain in cancer patients, reported that head and neck cancer patients had the highest prevalence of pain exceeding gastrointestinal gynaecological, breast and lung tumours. (2) In Head and Neck cancer patients, pain distresses the oral functions and is chief complaint in approximately 58% of the patients awaiting treatment and in 30% of the treated patients (4,5). The term â€Å"Quality of Life† has been used in literature in various ways both as a concept and an instrument of measurement. Very rarely has it been defined clearly. It may be considered as a subjective term which conveys the perception of a patient about his life which may either be positive or negative. It includes an assessment of general health, satisfaction, fulfilment, ability to cope, happiness, being in control and degree of independence. (6) Not only does pain affect the life of quality of patients before seeking antineoplastic treatment, also it has devastating effect in patients undergoing treatment. Thus there has been a growing interest in the inclusion of measures for improving life quality of patients before, during and after undergoing quality of life treatments. Literature search revealed that studies on the intensity of pain and quality of life before receiving anticancer therapy are lacking. Thus, this study was undertaken to assess the severity of pain and its impact on the quality of life (QoL) in untreated patients with head and neck carcinoma using questionnaire. Also the association of pain severity with clinical stage of the tumour and lymph node involvement was assessed. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in the patients reporting to the outpatient department of K.L.E.V.K.I.D.S and Belgaum Cancer Institute. Ethical clearance was obtained from the institution. A total of 100 confirmed head and neck cancer patients were interviewed. Untreated histopathologically confirmed head and neck cancer patients were included in the study while patients who were receiving, or had completed their course of treatment for cancer, with recurring malignant disease and with compromised physical and mental state which prevented them from answering questions were excluded from the study. Patients were divided into four groups depending on their stage of tumour as follows:- Group I = Stage I=23 patients Group II = Stage II=25 patients Group III = Stage III=25 patients Group IV = stage IV=27 patients Pain was evaluated using â€Å"Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)† (7) which was validated in the North Indian Population.(8) The BPI is a 11 point scale which is presented horizontally from numbers ranging from 0-10. The Questions were translated in the local language of the patient. Patients were asked to rate their pain in the last 24 hours at its Worst, Least and on Average. Patients were also asked to encircle the number indicating the amount of pain they were having at present. The pain was then categorized into four groups: No pain (0), Mild pain (1-4), Moderate pain (5-6) and Severe pain (7-8) The Quality of Life of patients was assessed using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core-30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) version 3.0 (9) which was validated in Indian Population (10).EORCTC QLQ-C30 is a 30 item questionnaire which consists of five functional scale, three symptom scale, six single items and Global Quality of life question.(8) The functional scale comprises a set of questions to evaluate the functioning of a cancer patient which includes Physical, Role, Cognitive, Social and Emotional Functioning. Symptom Scale includes three items to evaluate the fatigue, pain and nausea in patients. A number of single items such as Dyspnoea, Insomnia, Insomnia, Constipation, appetite loss, Diarrhoea and Financial difficulties were also included. The Symptom scale evaluated Fatigue, Pain and Nausea. Patients were asked to answer each question on a 4 point scale ranging from 1-4; corresponding to pain as Not at all (1), A little bit (2), Quite a Bit (3, Very Much (4). Patients were asked to rate the last two items (Global Quality of Life ) on a horizontal scale ranging from 1-7. All the scores thus obtained were linearly transformed to be expressed on a scale from 0-100. All the data was tabulated and non-parametric tests were applied. The data was subjected to Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal – Wallis test. Results: 100 histopathologically confirmed cases were enrolled in the study. The results showed that head and neck cancer was common in patients in 5th and 6th decade of life (35% and 32% respectively) with a mean age of 54.8 years (age range-24-86 years). Strong predominance of male population (79%) was seen. Out of a total 100 patients, 67% patients had the site of primary tumour in Oral cavity followed by Oropharynx (22 %), Larynx (6%)and Hypopharynx (5%). Lymph node involvement was present in 66% patients. The Mean scores for all the items on the scale was obtained using the EORTC QLQ-C30 Scoring Manual. Patients in the early stages of tumour scored significantly higher on function scale indicating higher functionality and ease in their daily activities. On contrary patients with advanced cancer scored higher on symptom scale indicating hampered quality of life and greater difficulty in doing their day to day work. Kruskal wallis test showed significant difference in the quality of life and the tumour stages, which was statistically significant .(p value On applying Mann Whitney test significant differences in the quality of life of patients with lymph node involvement and without lymph node involvement. (p value Chi square test also gave significant association between the quality of life and pain. (p value Discussion: This study was carried out to assess the influence of pain severity on quality of life of head and neck cancer patients before receiving any antineoplastic treatment. With approximately one million of new cancer cases being added every year in India and 80% of them presenting in advanced stages ( stage III and stage IV)(11)the need for pain relief and palliative therapy is imperative. Cancer pain still being one of the most dreaded and burdensome aspects of cancer patients draws attention to the management of pain in head and neck cancer patients. Inspite of introduction of WHO’s step ladder pattern for the management of pain control in cancer patients (12) it has been reported that less than 3% patients in India have an adequate access to pain relief. (13) . The present study also showed signification association between the cancer pain and stage of tumour. Patients with advanced stage of tumour experienced more difficulty in talking, swallowing etc. and poorer quality of life thus indicating a greater need for the institution of pain relief measures. The findings were consistent with the study done by Oliveira KG et al (14) who concluded that patients in advanced stages showed higher impairment in their functional status. Similar findings were noted by Connely et al (4) who reported that patients with squamous cell carcinoma experienced significantly incr eased function-related intensity of pain rather than spontaneous. The reasons for under treatment and inadequate pain relief could be attributed to poor resources, inaccessibility to morphine, misconception about the drugs for pain relief e.g. addiction, opiophobia of patients and communication problems. (15) Also the nature of Cancer pain is not fixed. It has multiple complex aetiologies and is recurring in nature. One of the very important reasons for the inadequate pain relief in cancer patients is that currently no such medication exists for chronic cancer pain that will provide more than 30% relief to the cancer patients.(16) This makes the institution of palliative and support care even more essential. The World Health Organization has defined Palliative care as â€Å"An approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problems associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial, and spiritual.† (17) WHO emphasizes on meeting the psychological, social and mental needs of the patients so as to improve their quality of life. However, it has been reported that approximately 85% of patients who are admitted to palliative care centres have inadequate relief of pain. (18). Despite the fact that HNC has the highest pain prevalence of all the cancers and is one of the initial symptoms that motivate the patients to seek medical opinion, health care professionals concentrate solely on the surgical aspects, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The management of chief complain of the patient i.e. pain is neglected which leads to poor quality of life. Therefore an evaluation of cancer patients before initiating any antineoplastic treatment is critical to because most of the studies concentrate on the assessment of pain during or after treatment. Conclusion: The average time from the admission of patients to palliative care unit and their death is usually less than a month thus indicating that palliative care is usually initiated only in the terminally ill patients, An assessment of quality of life of cancer patients before treatment will draw the attention of the clinician to the most symptomatic and feared aspect of cancer i.e. pain. Thus appropriate measures for pain relief along with supportive and palliative care can be instituted right from the beginning of the treatment which will greatly enhance the quality of life of cancer patients. References: Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P:Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin2005,55:74-108. Van den Beuken-van Everdingen MH1, de Rijke JM, Kessels AG, Schouten HC, van Kleef M, Patijn J. Prevalence of pain in patients with cancer: a systematic review of the past 40 years. Ann Oncol. 2007 Sep;18(9):1437-49. Cuffari L, de Tesseroli SJT, Nemr K, Rapaport A:Pain complaint as the first symptom of oral cancer: a descriptive study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod2006,102:56-61. Connelly ST, Schmidt BL: Evaluation of pain in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Pain 2004, 5:505-510 Epstein JB, Emerton S, Kolbinson DA, Le ND, Phillips N, Stevenson-Moore P, Osoba D: Quality of life and oral function following radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Head Neck 1999, 21:1-11. Bjordal K1, Kaasa S. Psychometric validation of the EORTC Core Quality of Life Questionnaire, 30-item version and a diagnosis-specific module for head and neck cancer patients. Acta Oncol. 1992;31(3):311-21. Cleeland CS, Ryan K: Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1994, 23:129-138. Saxena A , Mendoza T,. Cleeland C. The assessment of cancer pain in north India: the validation of the Hindi Brief Pain InventoryBPI-H. 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Human Nature As Competitive :: essays research papers

Thomas Hobbes believes that humans are born equal. He means the bodies and minds of newborn people are of equal ability. One person sometimes becomes stronger in body or quicker in mind than another. When one becomes stronger in body, the person can claim he is better than another is. This causes other people around him to become threatened and jealous by the stronger person. People are more equal when it come to wisdom of the mind, because almost all people think they have more wisdom than the common people do. â€Å"They will hardly believe there be many so wise as themselves (201).† Because people basically have equality of ability, they all have hope of attaining what they want and dream of. The conflict comes when two men want the same thing, which they both cannot have. They become enemies and they seek to destroy or subdue the other. Some examples of this are two families that want to purchase the same house. They try to subdue each other by raising the amount they are willing to pay for the house, even if it is more than they were planning on spending. Every person thinks their companion should value them and when the person undervalues them, they will do whatever it takes to be as valued as they would like to be. There are three principle causes of quarrel in the nature of man. They are competition, diffidence (or distrust), and glory. In human nature, competition is for gain, diffidence is for safety, and glory is for reputation. It is the competitive human nature that renders people apt to invade and destroy one another. The reading gives and example of a man who arms himself when taking a journey, locks his doors when he goes to sleep, and locks his chest even when he’s home. He is trying to protect himself from others competing against him for what he has. The reading give another example of how governments and leaders have their weapons pointed at the enemy at all times and how leaders continually spy on their neighbors. This is true because for years the US and Russia have had weapons pointed at each other and the U.